Table 9.

Theories used in gamified educational interventions

Citation	Theories
Zainuddin et al., 2020	Self-determination theory; flow theory; The goal-setting theory; Cognitive evaluation theory; Cognitive load theory; Behaviour reinforcement theory; Social comparison theory; Theory-driven gamification design model: goal, access, feedback, challenge and collaboration; Theory of reasoned action; Rational choice theory; Taxation theory; Information systems success model/information systems theory; Presence pedagogy model; Eisenkraft's 7E instructional Model; Felder-Silverman learning style model; Unified Modelling Language; Fogg's behavior model; Merrill's first principles of instruction design theory; Landers' theory of gamified learning; Social development theory: zone of proximal development and scaffolding; Self-efficacy theory; Constructivist learning theory; Technology-enhanced training effectiveness model
Kalogiannakis et al., 2021	self-determination theory; flow theory; goal-setting theory; cognitive theory of multimedia learning; motivation theory to learn
Osatuyi et al., 2018	Self-determination theory; Flow theory; Situated learning theory; Experiential learning theory; Uses andgratifications theory; Zone of proximal development; Achievement goal theory; Activity theory; Andragogy theory of adult learning; Cognitive evaluation theory; Cognitive load theory; Constructivist theories of learning; Grounded theory; social capital theory; Social cognitive theory; Social exchange theory; The frame model; The organismic integration theory (OIT); The SNAP: model of motivation; Trans-theoretical model of behavior change (TTM)
Van Gaalen et al., 2021	Experiential Learning Theory; Reinforcement Learning Theory; Social Comparison Theory; Self-Directed Learning; Deliberate Practice Theory