Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics in the full sample and as a function of suicide ideation at baseline.
| Total cohort
(n = 19,120) |
No SI
(n = 18,745) |
SI
(n = 375) |
SMD | P | |
| Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD unless other indicated. PHQ-9 scores were calculated including the suicide item.* Skilled nursing facility admission date was used as the reference. ADL: activities of daily living; CHF: coronary heart failure; EF: ejection fraction; SI: suicide ideation; SNF: skilled nursing facility; PHQ-9: patient health questionnaire-9. | |||||
| Age | 77.5 ± 10.2 | 77.5 ± 10.26 | 79.8 ± 10.22) | 0.23 | < 0.0001 |
| Gender | 588 (3.1%) | 572 (3.1%) | 16 (4.3%) | −0.06 | 0.1772 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.29 | < 0.0001 | |||
| White | 15,149 (79.4%) | 14,815 (79.30%) | 334 (86.67%) | ||
| Black | 3037 (15.9%) | 3011 (15.57%) | 26 (7.36%) | ||
| Other | 364(1.9%) | 356 (1.99%) | 8 (3.22%) | ||
| Hispanic | 529 (2.8%) | 523 (2.88%) | 6 (2.30%) | ||
| Missing | 41 (0.25%) | 39 (0.25%) | 2 (0.46%) | ||
| Dementia | 5904 (30.9%) | 5772 (30.8%) | 132 (35.2%) | 0.09 | 0.0673 |
| Elixhauser co-morbidity index | 4.9 (2.8%) | 4.9 (2.80%) | 4.9 (2.95%) | 0.01 | 0.8480 |
| Chronic lung disease | 8392 (43.9%) | 8229 (43.9%) | 163 (43.8%) | −0.01 | 0.6247 |
| Diabetes | 9806 (51.3%) | 9627 (51.4%) | 179 (47.7%) | −0.07 | 0.4585 |
| Diabetes with Complications | 5529 (28.9%) | 5440 (29.0%) | 89 (23.7%) | −0.12 | 0.0253 |
| Hypothyroidism | 2791 (14.6%) | 2743 (14.6%) | 48 (12.8%) | −0.05 | 0.2541 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1840 (9.6%) | 1020 (5.4%) | 23 (6.1%) | −0.10 | 0.5591 |
| Liver disease | 1043 (5.5%) | 1206 (5.49%) | 25 (5.75%) | 0.03 | 0.8142 |
| Tumor history | 3323 (17.4%) | 3276 (17.5%) | 47 (12.5%) | −0.14 | 0.0124 |
| Obesity | 4084 (21.4%) | 4018 (21.4%) | 66 (17.6%) | −0.10 | 0.0728 |
| Weight loss | 1835 (9.6%) | 1795 (9.6%) | 40 (10.7%) | 0.04 | 0.4777 |
| Anemia | 7359 (38.5%) | 7208 (38.5%) | 151 (40.3%) | 0.04 | 0.4748 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 1515 (7.9%) | 1488 (7.9%) | 27 (7.2%) | −0.03 | 0.6003 |
| Substance use disorder | 742 (3.9%) | 725 (3.9%) | 17 (4.5%) | 0.03 | 0.5087 |
| Psychosis | 3014 (15.8%) | 2923 (15.6%) | 91 (24.3%) | 0.22 | < 0.0001 |
| Depression | 4592 (24.0%) | 4453 (23.8%) | 139 (37.1%) | 0.29 | < 0.0001 |
| ED admissions year before hospitalization | 3.1 (3.9%) | 3.1 (3.91%) | 3.1 (4.23%) | −0.00 | 0.9549 |
| EF (%) in year before hospitalization | 43.5 (15.0%) | 43.51 (14.96%) | 43.8 (14.73%) | 0.02 | 0.9536 |
| Ejection fraction categories | 0.11 | 0.4078 | |||
| 0−40%, reduced | 4920 (25.7%) | 4832 (25.8%) | 88 (23.5%) | ||
| 40%−50%, borderline | 2828 (14.8%) | 2771 (14.8%) | 57 (15.2%) | ||
| > 50%, Preserved | 5195 (27.2%) | 5100 (27.2%) | 95 (25.3%) | ||
| 99%, Missing | 6177 (32.3%) | 6042 (32.2%) | 135 (36.0%) | ||
| Length of stay of index heart failure admission | 10.5 (9.2%) | 10.5 (9.2%) | 10.1 (8.7%) | −0.05 | 0.6213 |
| Health care cost year before hospitalization | 30,705 (38,283) | 30,730 (38,192) | 29,472 (42,565) | −0.03 | 0.1509 |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 1.70 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Minimal | 14754 (78.5%) | 14693 (78.5%) | 61 (16.4%) | ||
| Mild | 3064 (15.8%) | 2952 (15.8%) | 112 (30.1%) | ||
| Moderate | 908 (4.4%) | 821 (4.4%) | 87 (23.4%) | ||
| Severe | 368 (1.4%) | 256 (1.4%) | 112 (30.1%) | ||
| Inpatient admissions one year prior to index CHF admission | 2.07 (1.78%) | 2.07 (1.77%) | 2.00 (1.81%) | −0.04 | 0.4882 |
| ADL score at admission | 16.0 (5.1%) | 16.0 (5.1%) | 16.4 (5.1%) | 0.10 | 0.0665 |
| Cognitive impairment | 0.43 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Intact | 10,366 (54.2%) | 10,233 (54.6%) | 133 (35.5%) | ||
| Mild | 5591 (29.3%) | 5440 (29.0%) | 151 (40.3%) | ||
| Modest | 2846 (14.9%) | 2766 (14.8%) | 80 (21.3%) | ||
| Severe | 307 (1.6%) | 296 (1.6%) | 11 (2.9%) | ||
| Outcomes | |||||
| Post 30 day mortality* | 1091 (5.7%) | 1042 (5.6%) | 49 (13.1%) | 0.26 | < 0.0001 |
| Post 365 day mortality* | 8095 (42.3%) | 7894 (42.1%) | 201 (53.6%) | 0.23 | < 0.0001 |