Table 2.
Health service utilization among mothers who delivered before and after lockdowna.
| Health utilization outcomes |
Before lockdown N = 103 n (%) |
After lockdown N = 96 n (%) |
Unadjusted OR/mean difference (95%CI) |
Adjustedc OR/mean difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal care | ||||
| Women with 2 or more ANC visits in third trimester | 94 (91.3) | 65 (67.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) |
| Women with four or more total ANC visits | 100 (97.3) | 81 (84.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) |
| No. of ANC check-ups: mean (SD) | 6.6 (1.8) | 5.6 (2.1) | −0.9 (−1.7 to −0.3)b | −1.0 (−1.7 to −0.3)b |
| Women who received two tetanus injections | 96 (93.2) | 80 (83.3) | 0.4 (0.1–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) |
| Intrapartum care | ||||
| Institutional delivery | 100 (97.1) | 90 (93.5) | 0.5 (0.1–1.9) | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) |
| Place of institutional delivery | ||||
| Government facility | 57 (55.3) | 49 (51.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
| Private facility | 43 (41.7) | 41 (42.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| Delivery conducted by skilled personnel | 100 (97.1) | 91(94.8) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) |
| Postnatal and newborn care | ||||
| Discharged ≤ 48 hd | 35 (35.0) | 45 (50.0) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3) | 2.1 (1.2–4.0) |
| Newborn complications | 27 (26.2) | 27 (28.1) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| Preterm | 5 (4.9) | 7 (7.3) | 1.5 (0.5–5.0) | 1.7 (0.5–5.9) |
| Low birth weight | 19 (18.5) | 17 (17.7) | 0.9 (0.5–2.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) |
| Signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) | 4 (3.8) | 6 (6.3) | 1.7 (0.4–6.0) | 1.6 (0.4–5.8) |
| Jaundice | 8 (7.7) | 8 (8.3) | 1.1 (0.4–3.0) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) |
| Delayed (>1 h) initiation of breastfeeding | 50 (48.5) | 48 (50.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (during first 6 months of life) | 78 (75.7) | 62 (64.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
| HBNCe care visit within 2 days of delivery | 17 (16.5) | 12 (12.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) |
| Any HBNC visits by ASHA/ANM within 6 weeks postdelivery | 87 (84.5) | 49 (51.0) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) |
| Number of HBNC visits within 6 weeks postdelivery: median (IQR) | 3 (2–5) | 1 (0–2) | −2.1 (−2.5 to −1.6)b | −2.1 (−2.6 to −1.7)b |
| Advice on use of postnatal contraceptive devices | 62 (64.6) | 37(35.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure | ||||
| Catastrophic expenditure for maternal and newborn care | 31 (30.1) | 33 (34.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) |
a
Figures indicate n (%) unless indicated otherwise.
b
β-coefficient or difference in means.
c
OR, Odds ratio; Adjusted for family income, religion, caste, education, and parity.
d
Among those who had institutional deliveries.
e
HBNC, Home based newborn care; ASHA, Accredited social health worker; ANM, Auxilliary nurse-midwife.