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. 2022 Mar 29;16:798995. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2022.798995

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Copyright © 2022 Salas-Venegas, Flores-Torres, Rodríguez-Cortés, Rodríguez-Retana, Ramírez-Carreto, Concepción-Carrillo, Pérez-Flores, Alarcón-Aguilar, López-Díazguerrero, Gómez-González, Chavarría and Konigsberg.

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Systemic inflammation associated with obesity activates microglia and astrocytes. Obesity chronic low-grade inflammation is mediated mainly by tissue macrophages in the adipose tissue through the secretion of TNF, IL1β, IL6, and MCP1. Cytokines originated in the adipose tissue stimulate macrophages of other tissues (liver, muscle, and even brain) further to produce TNF, IL1β, IL6, and MCP1, inducing a generalized inflammatory state. Peripheral inflammatory signals also activate microglia, which then secretes more inflammatory cytokines, activating astrocytes and favoring a chronic neuroinflammatory condition that leads to neuronal damage.