Table 1.

Transcription factor, cis-acting elements, and the corresponding responsive genes that are involved in plant abiotic stress.

No	TF families	Cis-acting element (Core Sequence)	Gene containing Cis-acting element	Species	Phenotypic changes in transgenic plant after induction of cold stress in comparison with wild type	References
1	CBF/DREB	DRE/CRT (A/GCCGAC)	COR genes	Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam)	Slight wilting, lower damaged leaves, little changed in the photosynthetic efficiency in transgenic sweet potato	Jin et al., 2017
2	NAC	CATGTG	Abiotic stress-responsive genes such as: RD26	Arabidopsis thaliana	Slightly chlorotic leaves with a larger leaf blade and shorter petiole than the wild-type plants	Nakashima et al., 2012
3	MYB	Type I Myb recognition sequences CNGTT(A/G) or type II G(G/T)T(A/T)GTT(A/G) and type IIG G(G/T)T(A/T)GGT(A/G)	Abiotic stress-responsive genes including COR genes	Arabidopsis thaliana	Induces darker green phenotypes in transgenic tobacco Enhances the contents of anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, and soluble solids and, aroma volatiles in transgenic tomato	Agarwal et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2022
4	WRKY	W-box TTGACC/T	RD29B/RD29A/COR6.6/DREB2A	wild oat (Avena fatua)	Higher survival rates, increases in proline, lower electrolyte leakage in transgenic cucumber	Rushton et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2016
5	bHLH	E-box (CANNTG) G-box (CACGTG)	COR and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes	Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam)	Slight damage under cold stress and returned to a normal state after recovery treatment in transgenic sweet potato	Jin et al., 2021; Shen et al., 2021
6	bZIP	ABRE (PyACGTG/TC)	RD29A, RD29B, COR15A, COR47	Arabidopsis thaliana	Lower ion leakages and higher survival in transgenic Arabidopsis	Wang et al., 2016
7	AP2 (ERF)	GCC-box (AGCCGCC)	Several abiotic stress-responsive genes	Arabidopsis thaliana	Greater survival rates of transgenic birch (Betula platyphylla) compared to wild type plant	Zhu et al., 2010; Lv et al., 2020