TABLE 1.
The Kampo medicines used in this study and their constituent crude drugs.
| Maoto | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold, Influenza (Acute), Rheumatoid arthritis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Armeniacae semen | Ephedrae herba a | Cinnamomi cortex | Glycyrrhizae radix* | ||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Prunus armeniaca var. armeniaca [Rosaceae] Prunus armeniaca L. [Rosaceae] | Ephedra sinica Stapf [Ephedraceae] | Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. [Lauraceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 32.3% | 32.3% | 25.8% | 9.7% | ||||||||||||||||||
| Saikokeishito | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold, Influenza, Feverish diseases such as pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gastric ulcer, Duodenal ulcer, Cholecystitis, Gallstone, Pain in liver dysfunction and pancreatitis | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Bupleuri radix a | Pinelliae Tuber | Scutellariae radix a | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Cinnamomi cortex | Paeoniae radix a | Ziziphi fructus | Ginseng radix | Zingiberis rhizoma — |
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| Scientific name | Bupleurum falcatum L. [Apiaceae] | Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae] | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [Lamiaceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. [Lauraceae] | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae] | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae] | Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. [Araliaceae] |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae]
— |
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| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 22.7% | 18.2% | 9.1% | 9.1% | 9.1% | 9.1% | 9.1% | 9.1% | 4.6% — |
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| Kakkonto | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold, Early stage of febrile disease, Inflammatory diseases (conjunctivitis, keratitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, mastitis, lymphadenitis) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stiff shoulders, Neuralgia in the upper body, Urticaria | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Puerariae Radix | Ziziphi fructus | Ephedrae herba a | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Cinnamomi cortex | Paeoniae radix a | Zingiberis rhizoma | |||||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep [Fabaceae] | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae] | Ephedra sinica i[Ephedraceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. [Lauraceae] | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae] | Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] | |||||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 22.2% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | |||||||||||||||
| Shomakakkonto | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold (early stage), Dermatitis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Puerariae Radix | Paeoniae radix a | Cimicifugae Rhizoma | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Zingiberis rhizoma | |||||||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep [Fabaceae] | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae] | Actaea dahurica (Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Franch. [Ranunculaceae]・ Actaea heracleifolia (Kom.) J.Compton [Ranunculaceae]・ Actaea cimicifuga L. [Ranunculaceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] | |||||||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 41.7% | 25.0% | 16.7% | 12.5% | 4.2% | |||||||||||||||||
| Shoseiryuto | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold, Bronchitis, Bronchial asthma, Rhinitis, Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Pinelliae tuber | Paeoniae radix a | Zingiberid rhizoma processum | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Cinnamomi cortex | Asiasari radix | Schisandrae fructus | Ephedrae herba a | ||||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae] | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae] | Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. [Lauraceae] | Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt [Aristolochiaceae] | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. [Schisandraceae] | Ephedra sinica Stapf [Ephedraceae] | ||||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 22.2% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | 11.1% | ||||||||||||||
| Senkyuchachosan | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold, automatic imbalance syndrome peculiar to women resembling climacteric disturbance, and headache | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Cyperi rhizoma | Cnidii rhizoma a | Notopterygii rhizoma | Schizonepetae spica | Menthae herba | Angelicae dahuricae radix | Saposhnikoviae radix | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Camelliae sinensis folium — |
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| Scientific name | Cyperus rotundus L. [Cyperaceae] | Ligusticum officinale (Makino) Kitag. [Apiaceae] | Hansenia weberbaueriana (Fedde ex H.Wolff) Pimenov & Kljuykov [Apiaceae] | Nepeta tenuifolia Benth. [Lamiaceae] | Mentha canadensis L. [Lamiaceae] | Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav. [Apiaceae] | Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk. [Apiaceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze [Theaceae] | |||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 20.0% | 15.0% | 10.0% | 10.0% | 10.0% | 10.0% | 10.0% | 7.5% | 7.5% | |||||||||||||
| Bakumondoto | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Coughing with a hard, Obstructive sputum, Bronchitis, and bronchial asthma | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Ophiopogonis radix | Oryzae fructus | Pinelliae tuber | Ziziphi fructus | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Ginseng radix | ||||||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. [Asparagaceae] | Oryza sativa L. [Poaceae] | Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae] | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. [Araliaceae] | ||||||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 37.0% | 18.5% | 18.5% | 11.1% | 7.4% | 7.4% | ||||||||||||||||
| Hochuekkito | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indications | Common cold, Summer thinness, Loss of appetite, Gastroptosis, Hemorrhoids, Anal prolapse, Drooping uterus, Pubic atrophy, Hyperhidrosis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Crude drugs (Latin name) | Astragali radix | Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma | Ginseng radix | Angelicae acutilobae radix | Bupleuri radix a | Ziziphi fructus | Aurantii nobilis pericarpium | Glycyrrhizae radix a | Cimicifugae Rhizoma | Zingiberis rhizoma | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Astragalus mongholicus Bunge [Fabaceae] | Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [Asteraceae] | Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. [Araliaceae] | Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zucc.) Kitag. [Apiaceae] | Bupleurum falcatum L. [Apiaceae] | Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae] | Citrus deliciosa Ten. [Rutaceae] | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Actaea dahurica (Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Franch. [Ranunculaceae]・ Actaea heracleifolia (Kom.) J.Compton [Ranunculaceae]・ Actaea cimicifuga L. [Ranunculaceae] | Zingiber officinale Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] | ||||||||||||
| Rate of crude drugs configuring Kampo extracts (excluding additives) | 16.7% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 12.5% | 8.3% | 8.3% | 8.3% | 6.3% | 4.2% | 2.1% | ||||||||||||
Kampo medicines used in this study and their constituent crude drugs are shown with indications of the Kampo medicines. The ratio of constituents included in Kampo drugs of extract powder and crude drugs referred to the website of Tsumura & Co.
a
The crude drugs investigated are marked.