Figure 2. Joint Associations of Factors With Cardiovascular Disease Mortality.

Joint associations of race, ethnicity, state of residence, neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), and education with mortality are shown.

^aLow nSES was defined as quintiles 1 to 3 and high nSES as quintiles 4 to 5.

^bLow education was defined as high school graduate or less and high education as greater than high school graduate.

^cModel was adjusted for age at cohort entry and sex (as strata variables), marital status, smoking, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), vigorous physical activity, coffee intake, alcohol intake, total energy intake, percent energy from fat, and preexisting chronic disease.

^dNative Hawaiian participants living in California are not shown owing to small numbers (162 individuals with 22 cardiovascular disease deaths).