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. 2022 Mar 29;16:851012. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.851012

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Copyright © 2022 Wauters, Ceulemans, Schol, Farré, Tack and Vanuytsel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Duodenal permeability in functional dyspepsia. Increased permeability is observed in functional dyspepsia using in vivo and ex vivo techniques and associated with a dysregulation of cell-to-cell adhesion proteins, of which the main findings are summarized. CLDN, claudin; CLE, confocal laser endomicroscopy; Fd4, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled 4 kDa dextran; IHC, immunohistochemistry; OCLN, occludin; TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; ZO, zonula-occludens.