. 2022 Mar 22;11(7):844. doi: 10.3390/plants11070844

Table 1.

Summary of the use of LED lighting on in vitro propagation of herbaceous and shrub species.

Studied Species/Explant Type	Light Intensity and Photoperiod	Light Spectra	Growth Regulators in Medium	Results on In Vitro Proliferation	Morphogenetic Response	Authors and Year
Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Wisconsin 38)/Callus	mW cm⁻²: 0, 0.0028; 0.024; 0.13; 0.37; 0.60; 0.80 photoperiod 16 h	8 narrow band lights: 371, 419.5, 467, 504, 550, 590, 660, 750 nm, 4 commercial broad band-Fl lamps	For shoot differentiation: 2 mg L⁻¹ K, 2 mg L⁻¹ IAA, 80 mg L⁻¹ adenine sulfate dihydrate	Near UV at low intensity (0.024 mw/cm²) and BL at higher intensities, callus growth and shoot initiation.	Higher carotenoids, porphyrins, associated with the high irradiance response.	[67] No LEDs
Vitis vinifera L. hybrid ‘Remaily Seedless’/Node shoots (axillary bud proliferation)	µW cm⁻²: 1500 for RL 1600 for BL light	RL BL No LED	BAP at 5 µM	BL = more shoots in the medium containing the lower concentration of manganese sulphate.	BL = larger shoots and more vigorous plantlets.	[68] No LEDs
Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl cv. Sona/leaves and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill./Cotyledons cv. UC 105		Continuous light and daily light pulses		RL ad WL = highest bud regeneration in L. esculentum, BL in S. ionantha		[69] No LEDs
Vitis vinifera L. hybrid ‘Remaily Seedless’/Leaf axillary buds	10-h and 16-h photoperiods	WL of various spectral irradiances, BL and RL light.	Apex removal from the explant was evaluated.	BL = best for shoot production. Under W, shoot production was greater with ratios of BL:RL of 0.6 to 0.9.		[70] No LEDs
Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Miranda/Three- to four-node shoots (15 mm)	160 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 18 h (LD) or 10 h (SD). photoperiod	RL, BL	With or without 1 mg L⁻¹ IAA or 1 mg L⁻¹ K.	BL and K = better tuber production. RL and IAA application = high root/shoot ratio. Darkening strongly promoted tuber formation	Under BL, K increased total fresh weight and root (>stolons)/shoot ratio).	[71] No LEDs
Lavandin (Lavandula officinalis Chaix ×Lavandula latifolia Villars cv. Grosso)/Node explants	µmol m⁻² s⁻¹: Fl high fluence (HF) = 66 Fl low fluence (LF) = 7 RL (HF) = 7 RL (LF) = 1 FrL (HF) = 8 FrL (LF) = 2 BL (HF) = 13 BL (LF) = 1.5 UVL (HF) = 62 UVL (LF) = 5	D control WL RL Fr L FrD (25 min Frh + 30 d D) FrRD (25 min Frh + 10 min R high + 30 d D) BL UV (UV A and B)	BA (l µM), putrescine (Put, 1 and 10 µM)	Low fluence RL = higher shoot number in presence or absence of BA. At low fluence rates also WL and BL enhanced shoot number on BA-free medium. 10 µM putrescine + Ba improved proliferation.	Rl and D positively affected shoot length.	[72] No LEDs
Begonia gracilis Kunth/Direct somatic embryogenesis from petiole explants.	45 µmol m⁻² s^−l	RL and D	0.5 mg L⁻¹ kinetin	Somatic embryo production was higher under RL that in the dark.		[73] two cycles
Azorina vidalii (Wats.) Feer (Dwarf shrub)	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹: 16 h photoperiod	High and low ratios of BL + RL (2.3; 0.9) or RL + FRL (1.1; 0.6). Control: Fl	in vitro shoots no growth regulators	High ratio of RL/FRL light or BL/RL = the highest number of axillary shoots as compared to control.	Low ratio RL/FRL = maximum plant length and leaf area	[74] three months
Rhododendron spp./Axillary buds Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim./Shoot. Crataegus oxyacantha L./Axillary bud	µmol m⁻² s⁻¹: 11, 25, 55, 106 and 161 for Disanthus and Crataegus; 16, 26, 60 and 120 for Rhododendron	RL, GL and BL	Rhododendron 2.5 µM 2iP. Disanthus cercidifolius 3 µM BAP Crataegus oxyacantha 2.5 µM BAP and 0.5 µM IBA.	RL promoted axillary branching. All cultures grew well at low levels of irradiance	RL promoted shoot extension.	[75] No LEDS
Solanum lycopersicum cv. UC 105 an aurea (au) mutant and its isogenic wild type/Organogenesis from hypocotyls	µmol m⁻² s⁻¹: Fl = 50 0, 2.5 and 5 the other light treatments. 16 h photoperiod	D and Fl for aseptic seed germination RL, FRL, BL for regeneration.	Hormone free medium	All genotypes germinated under Fl. The wild type even under dark. Under RL, FRL and BL, hypocotyls showed a position-dependent regeneration.		[76] two cycles No LEDs
Petunia x atkinsiana ‘Surfinia White’ cv.‘Revolution’/ Leaf explants	19–21 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	WL, RL, BL, GL	0.1 mg L⁻¹ NAA, 1 mg L⁻¹ BAP	Organogenesis was carried out in darkness. WL, GL and RL = the highest number of adventitious shoots.	Blue = the longest shoots and the biggest leaf area.	[77]
Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Pesaro’/In vitro-raised bulbs	70 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 12 h photoperiod	D, Fl, RL, BL, RL + BL (1:1).	1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA + 0.3 mg L⁻¹ NAA	Fl, BL, and BL + Rl enhanced, plant regeneration as compared to D.	Bulblets under R + B were bigger in size, in fresh and dry weight.	[78]
Begonia erythrophylla J. Neuman/Petiole explants.	μmol m⁻² s⁻¹: WL, RL, and BL, and RL + BL = 35 Fr = 5 Continuous light	D, WL, R, B, RL + BL (1:1), FR	0.54 mM NAA, 4.44 mM BA	RL or WL, as pre-treatments, promoted competence. RL or WL during culture, enhanced shoot number.	White light produced best developed and expanded shoots.	[79] No LEDS
Cymbidium Twilight Moon cv.‘Day Light’/ PLB segments.	45 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16-h photoperiod	RL, RL + BL (3:1), RL + BL (50:50), RL + BL (1:3), BL. Control = Fl (PGF)	For callus induction from PLBs: 0.1 mg L⁻¹ NAA and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ TDZ For callus proliferation: 0.1 mg L⁻¹ NAA and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ TDZ. For PLBs production from callus: no growth regulators.	RL determined more callus induction; RL + BL (3:1) and PGF more callus proliferation RL + BL (1:3) more PLBs formation		[80]
Lactuca sativa L./Cotyledon explants	35 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹	D, WL, RL, BL, BL + RL	0.44mM BA, 0.54mM NAA	Light improved organogenesis as compared to D. RL and WL light promoted shoot production.		[81] No LEDS
Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Toyonoka/Leaf discs	2000 lux	GL, RL, BL and YL Fl as control	1.5 mg L⁻¹ TDZ and 0.4 mg L⁻¹ IBA.	Red and Green films determined the highest percentage of shoot regeneration and the max number of shoots per explant	RL and GL = a lower chlorophyll a/b ratio and higher antioxidant enzymes activity.	[82] No LEDs
Euphorbia milii Des Moul./Inflorescences Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand. ex Sims) Schott/In vitro shoots	μmol m⁻² s⁻¹: 50 for Euphorbia: 35 for Spatifillum 16 h photoperiod	LEDS: RL, BL, RL + BL (1:1); BL + FrL (1:1); RL + FrL (1:1) Fl = Control	For E. miliii 1 mg L⁻¹ BA, and 0.3 mg L⁻¹ IBA. For S. cannifolium 3 mg L⁻¹ BA, and 1 mg L⁻¹ IBA.	S. cannifolium = best shoot proliferation under RL, RL + FRL.	For E.milii. BL = higher fresh and dry weight, and leaf number. For Spatifillum. BL= the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. In both species, RL= higher plantlet length and higher fresh and dry weights.	[83]
Two species of Petunia: Petunia × atkinsiana (Sweet) D. Don and P. axillaris (Lam.)/Leaf tissue	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16-h photoperiod	Fl, D	5.7 μM IAA and 2.25 μM Zeatin.	Petunia × atkinsiana did not regenerate in darkness. Both species regenerate under light.		[84]
Vitis vinifera L. cvs: Hybrid Franc, Ryuukyuuganebu (a wild grape native to Japan) and Kadainou R-1/Nodal segments	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16-h photoperiod	RL and BL PGF light was used as control	PGR-free medium	No differences or slight differences on proliferation due to light treatments	RL = longest shoots. BL = higher chlorophyll content, leaf and stomata number per explant.	[85]
Phalaenopsis hybrid cv. Cassandra Rose/PLBs from in vitro germinated seeds and flower-stalk nodes.		RL, RL + BL (9:1, 8:2), RL + WL (1:1) Fl		RL + BL (8:2) = the highest PLBs development. RL + BL (9:1) = the highest shoots number. Shoot tips had higher PLBs induction under RL and BL.	RL and BL =the highest PLBs fresh weight. LED lights = more fresh weight, Height and leaf length.	[86]
Oncidium Sweets Sugar/Shoot apex		Fl (control), RL, BL		RL promoted PLB induction from shoot apex with the highest proliferation rate; BL the highest differentiation.	RL determined the highest content of carbohydrates. BL the highest protein content and enzyme activity.	[87]
Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl./PLBs	16 h photoperiod	RL, Fl.		RL increased PLBs proliferation and number		[88] No LEDs
OncidiumGower Ramsey/Embryogenic calli	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	D, Fl, BL, RL or RL + BL + Fr (RBFr)	0.1 mg L⁻¹ NAA and 0.4 mg L⁻¹ BA	PLB formation and plantlet conversion was higher under (RBFr) LEDs and Fl.	RBFr enhanced leaf number and expansion, root, chlor. contents, fresh and dry weight.	[89]
Oncidium Gower Ramsey/Shoot tips	11 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	Fl(control)RL, BL, YL and GL.	For PLBs induction, 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA, For PLB proliferation: 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA, 0.5 mg L⁻¹ NAA.	RL enhanced PLB induction and multiplication, but low differentiation BL promoted PLbs differentiation into shoots	RL = the highest PLBs fresh weight and starch content. BL = higher chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble protein content.	[90]
Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl., Cymbidium Waltz cv.‘Idol’, and Phalaenopsis cv:‘1327’/protocorm-like bodies (PLBs)		RL, BL and YL fluorescent films		RL and YL increased the number of PLBs of C. Waltz., RL, BL and YL increased the formation of shoots. RL and BL increased PLBs number in Phalaenopsis.	RL, BL and YL increased the fresh weight of PLBs in C.finlaysonianum.	[91] No LEDS
Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo/PLBs	70 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	D, Fl, RL, BL; RL + BL (1:1); RL + BL (2:1); and RL + BL (1:2).	0.5 g L⁻¹ NAA, 0.2 g L⁻¹, 6-BA	BL, RL + BL (1:1) and RL + BL (1:2) = higher percentage of PLBs producing shoots and the number of shoots produced per PLB	BL and different RL + BL ratios enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoids. BL, Fl, and RL + BL (1:2) produced higher dry matter.	[92] three cycles
Cymbidium insigne Rolfe/PLBs		WL, RL, BL and GL	Chondroitin sulfate The medium was added with Chitosan H or hyaluronic acid (HA9)	GL and 0.1 (mg L⁻¹) and Chitosan H determined the highest PLBs and shoot formation.	Fresh weight of PLBs was higher at HA9 (1 mg L⁻¹) treatment with GL.	[93]
Ficus benjamina L. cv Exotica		BL, RL and FR. Fl as control	0.5 mg L⁻¹ IAA and 2 mg L⁻¹ BA.	BL increased shoot number, and callus growth.	RL determined an increase in shoot length.	[94]
Cymbidium Waltz cv ‘Idol’/5 mm protocorm-like bodies (PLBs)	50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	Fl, RL, BL, GL, Fl + GL, RL + GL, BL + GL. The last three treatment were subjected to 1d green exposure every 7d.	No growth regulators	RL + GL and BL promoted the highest PLB formation. Fl + GL and increased shoot formation from PLBs.	Fl gave the highest fresh weight. B + G the highest SOD activity.	[95]
Brassica napus L. cv Westar/Cotyledons from germinated seeds.	60 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 12 h photoperiod	Fl, BL, BL + RL (B:R = 3:1, 1:1, 1:3) RL.	For induction: 2,4-D in the dark; for shoots differentiation: 0.8 mg L⁻¹ BA, 0.5 mg L⁻¹ NAA; for shoots proliferation 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA.	The proliferation rate was greater under BL and BL:RL = 3:1 than under Fl	BL:RL (3:1) = higher fresh dry mass, chlorophyll a, soluble sugar, stem diameter, leaf stomata surface, than under Fl. Starch was higher in plantlets cultured under R light as compared to Fl.	[51]
Linum usitatissimum L., cv. ‘Szafir/Hypocotyls	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	Light (Fl) or D conditions	0.05 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D and 1 mg L⁻¹ BA	Shoot multiplication was about twice higher in light-grown cultures than those in darkness.	Fresh and dry mass and cyanogenic potential of light-grown cultures was about twice higher than those in the dark	[96] two cycles
Solanum tuberosum L. cvs Agrie Dzeltenie, Maret, Bintje, Désirée and Anti/Shoot tips from in vitro plantets	40 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	Fl, warm WL light BL, RL, RL + BL (9:1 RB) and RL + BL + FR (70:10:20 RBF)	0.5 mg L⁻¹ zeatin riboside, 0.2 mg L⁻¹, GA₃ and 0.5 mg L^−l IAA.	RL + BL (9:1) doubled the regeneration percentage of all cultivars after cryoconservation		[97]
Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai,/Apical and axillary buds	40 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	BL, RL + BL (1:1 RB), RL, Fl	BA 1.0 mg L⁻¹, IBA 0.5 mg L⁻¹	BL and RL + BL promoted shoot proliferation.	RL increased shoot length.	[98]
Dendrobium kingianum Bidwill ex Lindl./PLBs	50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	RL, BL, RL + BL (1:1), GL and WL, Fl = control	MS medium supplemented with 412.5 mg/L ammonium nitrate, 950 mg/L potassium nitrate	BL and RL determined the highest PLBs number. RL and WL increased the percentage of shoot formation.	BL increased chlorophyll percentage, RL determined the highest fresh weight.	[99]
Cymbidium Waltz cv ‘Idol’	16 h photoperiod	GL, RL, BL	N- acetylglucosamine (NAG) 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg L⁻¹	GL and RL + NAG determined the highest PLB formation rate RL or GL + NAG determined high shoot formation (80%)	Fresh weight of PLBs was highest at 0.01 mg L⁻¹ NAG under green LED	[100]
Saccharum officinarum L., variety RB92579/in vitro grown plantlets	µmol m⁻² s⁻¹: (1) 72 (2) 60 (3) 57 (4) 53 (5) 77 16 h photoperiod	(1) BL + RL (70:30) (2) BL + RL (50:50) (3) BL + RL (40:60) (4) BL + RL (30:70) (5) WL	1.3 µM BAP.	BL + RL (70:30) gave the highest multiplication followed by 50:50. WL the lowest one.	BL + RL (70:30) and (50:50) = the highest total fresh weight. WL = the highest total chlorophyll content	[101]
Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai/Leaf, petiole, and stem explants	45 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	Fl, RL, BL	2.0 mg L⁻¹ BA and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ IAA	Fl = the highest number of shoots per leaf, petiole and stem explants	RL gave better shoot growth followed by Fl and BL.	[102]
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn./Leaf explants	60 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹	BL, RL, RL + BL (1:1). Fl as control.	4 mg L⁻¹ BA	BL determined the highest percentage of shoot organogenesis and shoot buds per explant.		[103]
Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. ‘Camarosa’/Encapsulated shoot tips	50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	Fl (control) RL + BL (9:1 R9B1); RL + BL (7:3 R7B3); RL + BL (1:1 R5B5); RL + BL (3:7 R3B7);	Hormone free medium for plantlets development, and 4.9 µM IBA or 6.7 µM BA plus 2.3 µM K for shoots proliferation	RL + BL (1:9) were most effective for in vitro sprouting of encapsulated strawberry shoot tips.	R7B3 promoted shoot length, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry biomass accumulation.	[104]
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv/Callus	20–25 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	D, Fl, BL, GL, YL, RL, WL, and RL + BL: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90.	For embryogenic callus differentiation: 1 mg L⁻¹ BA, 0.5 mg L⁻¹ NAA. For plantlets differentiation: 0.5 mg L⁻¹ BA, 0.5 mg L⁻¹ NAA	YL most effective for callus production. RL + BL (6:4) was the most effective for differentiating the highest number of plants per explant from embryogenic callus.	YL gave the highest values of callus fresh and dry weight, followed by RL + BL (60:40). This last light gave the highest values of plantlet height, fresh and dry weight.	[105]
Vanilla planifolia Andrews./Axillary buds axillary bud cuttings	25 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	BL, RL, RL + BL (1:1), WL, Fl	9.55 µM BA	Fl, WL and RL + BL gave best results on shoot proliferation	Fl, WL and BL + RL determined higher shoot growth, plant height, leaves number, fresh weight, dry weight and chlorophyll content	[106]
Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hooker f. cv Rosalin/In vitro propagated shoots	140 ± 10 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹	RL, BL, and their various mixtures. Fl was used as control	1 mg L⁻¹ BAP and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ NAA	Fl lamps, BL, WL and RL + BL (70:30) = the highest number of shoots/explant and 70% R + 30%.	The same treatments also yielded the highest values in terms of shoot length, plant fresh and dry weight.	[107]
Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f. and Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl./PLBs	50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	RL, BL, GL Fl.	(0, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg L⁻¹), chondroitin sulfate	GL and BL + different concentrations of chondroitin sulfate promoted PLBs and shoots formation in the two species		[108]
Bacopa monnieri L. (Water hyssop)/Full, upper and lower, leaf cuttings.		WL, RL + BL (4:1, 3:1, 2:1,1:1)	0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BA	WL was most effective in enhancing shoot regeneration.	Shoot length was increased by RL:BL (1:1) + 0.25 BA	[109]
Vaccinium ashei Reade cv Titan	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	Fl, RL, RL + BL (80:20) (R8B2), RL + BL (50:50 (R5B5), BL.	1 mg L⁻¹ zeatin riboside. Ventilated and non-ventilated vessels	No differences in shoot number between the different light treatments.	R8B2 and ventilated vessels were the most suitable for plant growth.	[110]
Anthurium andreanum Lind./Nodal segments	25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h light photoperiod	Fl, WL, RL, BL, BL + RL.	No growth regulators during the light treatments	BL + RL gave the highest number of adventitious shoots.	WL LEDs and BL LEDs, showed the greatest plantlet length and number of leaves. BL gave the greatest growth and chlorophyll content.	[111]
Saccharum officinarum L. variety RB867515)	(1) 72; (2) 60; (3) 53; (4) 77; (5) 46. 16 h photoperiod	BL:RL= (1) 70:30, (2) 50:50, (3) 30:70, (4) WL, (5) Fl	1.3 μM BAP.	BL:RL = 50:50 promoted proliferation	BL:RL = 50:50 promoted the highest stem length, fresh mass production, leaf number.	[112]
Staphylea pinnata L./in vitro regenerated shoots	35 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	Fl, RL + BL (50:50:1), RL + BL + FR (49:49:2) RL + BL + WL (40:40:20)	5 µM BA, 0.5 µM NAA	Treatment with RB and RBFR resulted in increased multiplication rate as compared to Fl.	RB and RBFR increased leaf chlorophyll content and carotenoids. RBW light increased the number of newly developed leaves.	[113]
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni/Nodal segments measuring 0.5–1 cm in length	40–50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. 16 h light photoperiod	Fl (Control), BL, RL, RL + BL (1:1), WL	1 mg L⁻¹ BA.	RL = higher proliferation rate	Under BL + RL, maximum shoot elongation and leaf number	[114]
Vanilla planifolia Andrews/Nodal segments measuring 0.5–1 cm in length	40 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h light photoperiod	Fl (control) BL, RL, RL + BL (1:1), WL	2.1 mg L⁻¹ BA	No differences in shoot multiplication.	BL enhanced leaf number and area. RL + BL enhanced shoot lengtht and chlorophyll content Fl determined higher fresh and dry weight and carotenoids.	[115]
Dendrobium sonia,/Mature PLBs	μmol m⁻² s⁻¹: W 17.7 B 22.5 Y 24.6 R 15.6 16 h photoperiod	WL (control), BL, YL, and RL.	11.1 μM BAP and 11.42 μM IAA	YL induced early PLB formation, shoot differentiation and initiation, higher number of shoots per explant.	Under YL, higher leaf area and fresh weight, longer shoots under the other lights.	[116]
Nicotiana tabacum L. and Artemisia annua/In vitro-grown plantlets	35 µmoles cm⁻¹ s⁻¹	WL, RL + BL (1:1), RL + BL (3:1) RL + BL (1:3)	no growth regulators	In Nicotiana more shoots under 1:1 RL + BL In Artemisia under RL + BL (3:1)	In both species, RL + BL (3:1) determined taller shoots, and higher fresh weight.	[34]
Saccharum officinarum var. RB98710 (Sugarcane)/shoot segments	50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for FL, 80 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for LED 16-h photoperiod	Fl, WL, RL + BL (82:18).	For callus induction in the dark two substrates: C1 = 9 μM 2,4-D and 1.1 μM BA; C2 = 13.6 μM 2,4-D + 2.2 μM BAP. For shoot regeneration: hormone free medium.	LED were ineffective on somatic embryo regeneration but successful on shoot multiplication from somatic embryo.	Root length, number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry biomass did not differ between treatments.	[117] six subcultures
Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f. cv. Dura/in vitro propagated shoots	40 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16-h photoperiod	BL, RL + BL1 (50:50), RL + BL2 (70:30), RL + BL + WL (40:40:20), RL + BL + FR (49: 49:2), RL, Fl (Control)	5 μM BA (1,1 mg L⁻¹) and 0.5 μM NAA (0.1 mg L⁻¹)	RB1 and RB2 determined a higher shoot multiplication rate as compared to the control	RL = the greatest shoot elongation; BL = the highest leaf dry weight; RB2 = higher concentrations of total chlorophyll and carotenoids; RB1 = high leaf number.	[118]
Lippia gracilis Schauer./Apical and nodal segments	42 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	WL, RL, BL, RL + BL (2.5:1 and 1:2.5)	no growth regulators	No influence of the light intensity nor of quality on shoot number both on nodal and apical segments.	RL and WL = best results on leaf and dry weights. B = higher photosynthetic pigment production in plantlets from apical explants, WL of those from nodal explants.	[119]
Myrtus communis L./Axillary shoots	35 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	BL; RL:BL (70:30); RL; Fl = control.	0.5 μM L⁻¹ NAA and different concentrations of BA: 1, 2.5 and 5 µM.	RL and 5 µM BA resulted in the highest multiplication rate.	At 5 µM BA, RL determined the higher dry weight; BL = a greater leaves number, BL and RL:BL increased the FW compared to Fl.	[120]
Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat., Ficus benjamina L., Gerbera jamesonii Bolus f., Heuchera hybrida, and Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara.	62–65 µM m⁻² s⁻¹ 16 h photoperiod	Fl (control), NS1 lamps (BL + GL + RL + FRL- 21:38:35: 6) G2 lamps (BL + GL + RL+ FRL- 8:2:65:25), AP673L (BL + GL + RL + FRL- 12:19:61:8), AP67 (BL + GL + RL + FRL-14:16: 53: 17)	No PGRs for C. grandiflorum; 4.0 mg L⁻¹ BA and 30 mg L⁻¹ adenine sulfate for F. benjamina; 3.0 mg L⁻¹ K. for G. jamesonii; 0.1 mg L⁻¹ BA and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ IAA for H. hybrida; 0.25 mg L⁻¹ BA and 0.25 mg L⁻¹ IAA for L. spectabilis	Except for F. benjamina, RL and G2 lamp gave highest or similar propagation ratios as compared to Fl. NS1 lamps was also efficient for G. jamesonii, H. hybrida and L. spectabilis	The highest chlorophyll content was recorded under Fl and AP673L in all species, in NS1 in two species.	[35]
Oryza sativa L. cultivar Nipponbare.	50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. 12 h photoperiod	Fl, BL BL:RL = 3:1 BL:RL = 1:1; B:R = 1:3; RL;	For callus induction:2.0 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D. For callus differentiation: 1.0 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D. For shoot differentiation 0.5 mg L⁻¹ K, 2 mg L⁻¹ BA, 0.25 mg L⁻¹ NAA	BL = decreased time for callus proliferation, differentiation and regeneration, and highest frequency of plantlet differentiation, and regeneration.	BL:RL = 1:1 highest seedling growth, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents and photosynthetic rates.	[121]

Abbreviations: white (WL), blue (BL), red (RL), far-red (FRL), dark (D), fluorescent light (Fl), NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid), BA (6-Benzylaminopurine), IAA (Indole 3- Acetic Acid), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), PLB-Protocorm-Like Bodies.