Table 3.
Effects of different light intensities on shoot proliferation in increasing light-intensity order.
| Species | Tested Intensities | Best Yielding Intensity (μmol m−2 s−1) |
Main Parameters Affected and Notes | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disanthus cercidifolius, Rhododendron spp., and Crataegus oxyacantha | 11, 25, 55, 106 and 161 µmol m−2 s−1 | 11–27 | Better growth and leaf chlorophyll content | [75] |
|
Acer saccharum
Marshall |
4, 16 and 40 µmol m−2 s−1 | 4 and 16 | Low intensity overcomes recalcitrance. | [214] |
| Achillea millefolium L. | 13; 27; 35; 47 and 69 µmol m−2 s−1 | 27 µmol m−2 s−1 | Higher dry mass of shoots and roots, shoot length | [172] |
| Withania somnifera (L.) | 15, 30, 60, and 90 µmol m−2 s−1 | 30 μmol m−2 s−1 | Greater growth and development. | [182] |
| Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Ellen’ | 25, 40, 55, 70, 55 µmol m−2 s−1 | 40 µmol m−2 s−1 | Better plantlet growth | [174] |
| Vaccinium corymbosum) | 55 to 240 µmol m−2 s−1 for 7 to 60 days | Higher irradiances (≥55 = 210 µmol m−2 s−1) improved proliferation only with short time applications (7 days). | [215] | |
| Spathiphyllum cannifolium Culture Pack”, on rockwool system, with CO2 enrichment | 45, 60, 75 μmol m−2 s−1 80% RL + 20% BL LED |
60 μmol m−2 s−1 | Best growth | [216] |
|
Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne |
45, 60, 75 µmol m−2 s−1 | 60 μmol m−2 s−1 | Better shoot growth | [149] |
| Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Sprengof | 26, 51, 69, 94 and 130 μmol m−2 s−1 | 69 µmol m−2 s−1 and to a lesser extend 94 | Higher shoot number, leaf area, total dry weight and carvacrol content | [48] |
| Phaius tankervilliae (Banks ex L’Herit) and Vanda coerulea Giff | 28, 37, 56, 74 and 93 μmol m−2 s−1 | 74 µmol m−2 s−1 | Better plantlet growth | [217] |
| Pyrus spp. rootstock BP10030 | from 10 to 80 μmol m−2 s−1 16 and 24 h photoperiod |
from 10 to 80 μmol m−2 s−1 16 h photoperiod = greatest shoot number |
10 μmol m−2 s−1 better for initial explant growth. Increasing irradiance to max higher growth 24 h = the highest shoot fresh and dry weight. |
[218] |
| Lippia gracilis Schauer | 26, 51, 69, 94, or 130 μmol m−2 s−1 | 94 µmol m−2 s−1 | higher number of segments, leaf, shoot, root, and total weight plantlet−1 | [119] |
| Momordica grosvenorii Swingle | 25, 50, 100, or 200 μmol·m−2·s−1, and an increased CO2 concentration | increasing intensities up to 100 µmol m−2 s−1 | Better plantlet growth | [219] |
| Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. | 30 to 250 μmol m−2 s−1 and an increased CO2 concentration | 120 μmol m−2 s−1 | better plantlet growth and proliferation | [220] |
| Rosa hybrida | 0, 4, 17, 66, and 148 μE m−2 s−1 | 17 μE m−2 s−1 148 μE m−2 s−1 |
At the highest intensity best proliferation. At 17 μE m−2 s−1 lower propagation but better leaves | [221] |