Table 4.
% Change of baseline values in oxidative stress biomarkers.
| Group | % Change 4 Weeks |
% Change 8 Weeks |
Ptime † | Ptrial
† 4 Weeks |
Ptrial
† 8 Weeks |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidized guanine species (%) | Group A Control |
92.6 (74.6–132.8) a | 90.6 (79.9–104.2) a | 0.142 | 0.004 | <0.000 |
| Group B Wine |
75.6 (52.2–100.0) *,a | 85.0 (64.4–106.9) *,a | 0.012 | |||
| Group C Ethanol |
108.6 (97.5–156.4) b | 131.1 (98.2–101.4) *,b | 0.002 | |||
| Protein carbonyls (%) | Group A Control |
97.4 (94.6–107.2) a | 95.4 (88.5–103.7) a,b | 0.195 | <0.000 | 0.002 |
| Group B Wine |
89.5 (72.6–94.0) *,b | 84.4 (75.8–97.2) *,a | 0.001 | |||
| Group C Ethanol |
111.2 (91.5–126.0) a | 118.1 (88.8–203.7) *,b | 0.341 | |||
| Serum GPx activity (%) | Group A Control |
98.6 (96.6–103.1) | 98.3 (94.1–104.9) | 0.125 | 0.290 | 0.893 |
| Group B Wine |
97.6 (92.1–102.2) * | 100.6 (90.9–105.2) | 0.432 | |||
| Group CEthanol | 100.4 (95.4–103.3) | 93.4 (93.1–108.4) | 0.705 | |||
| LRP GPx activity (%) | Group A Control |
95.3 (85.9–99.9) | 95.6 (84.3–111.3) | 0.094 | 0.219 | 0.550 |
| Group B Wine |
102.1 (84.4–144.6) # | 86.4 (58.2–110.2) | 0.142 | |||
| Group C Ethanol |
93.1 (65.6–105.6) | 97.4 (91.5–102.7) | 0.387 | |||
| SOD activity (%) | Group A Control |
106.4 (82.1–122.6) | 97.5 (85.3–125.0) | 0.850 | 0.339 | 0.356 |
| Group B Wine |
130.2 (78.4–161.5) | 85.0 (56.7–137.6) | 0.385 | |||
| Group C Ethanol |
103.0 (60.7–123.4) | 105.5 (75.6–125.4) | 0.705 | |||
| 4 weeks | 8 weeks | Ptime ^ | Ptrial ^ | Ptime*trial^ | ||
| TBARS (%) | Group A Control |
98.9 ± 25.8 | 97.9 ± 24.7 | 0.197 | 0.775 | 0.898 |
| Group B Wine |
96.9 ± 21.8 | 91.9 ± 17.2 | ||||
| Group C Ethanol |
99.6 ± 31.4 | 92.3 ± 24.3 |
For skewed variables, data are presented as the median (25th–75th quartiles). Friedman’s 2-way ANOVA by ranks was used for the estimation of the time effect in each intervention group (Ptime). Time-related pairwise comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test. * indicates significant difference compared to baseline, # compared to 8 weeks. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for the comparison of the three different intervention groups (Ptrial). Different letters indicate statistical significance. For normally distributed variables, data are presented as means ± SD. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for the comparisons. TBARS; thiobarbituric acid substances, GPx; glutathione peroxidase, LRP; leukocyte-rich plasma, SOD; superoxide dismutase. † p value from Friedman or Kruskal–Wallis. ^ p trend from RMANOVA.