Table 1.
Characteristics of the four weight loss groups (Q1 to Q4) at baseline, n = 137.
| Q1 (n = 35) | Q2 (n = 34) | Q3 (n = 35) | Q4 (n = 33) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤2% | >2% to ≤4.5% | >4.5% to ≤7.5% | >7.5% | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Women (n (%)) | 19 (54.3) | 14 (41.2) | 18 (51.4) | 17 (51.5) |
| Age (years) | 50.9 ± 6.4 | 50.8 ± 8.4 | 51.2 ± 7.9 | 47.3 ± 8.5 |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.1 ± 12.0 | 104.9 ± 10.7 | 103.1 ± 10.8 | 103.5 ± 12.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.2 ± 4.1 | 30.8 ± 3.6 | 31.0 ± 3.4 | 31.6 ± 3.6 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139.5 ± 11.2 | 132.7 ± 14.2 | 136.5 ± 14.6 | 140.4 ± 22.8 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 90.0 ± 8.2 | 85.6 ± 8.2 | 87.2 ± 7.8 | 87.0 ± 10.2 |
| Fat depots | ||||
| VAT (L) | 5.3 ± 2.2 | 4.8 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 2.1 |
| SAT (L) | 13.1 ± 4.6 | 11.2 ± 2.9 | 12.1 ± 3.9 | 12.9 ± 4.1 |
| Total kidney fat content (%) | 58.9 ± 18.5 | 52.3 ± 18.4 | 52.0 ± 16.8 | 52.8 ± 13.3 |
| Kidney cortex fat content (%) | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.8 |
| Kidney sinus fat content (%) | 55.3 ± 18.3 | 49.2 ± 18.4 | 49.1 ± 16.8 | 49.4 ± 13.2 |
| Liver fat content (%) | 7.1 ± 4.4 | 8.8 ± 7.8 | 7.9 ± 6.5 | 7.4 ± 4.9 |
| Liver function | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | 25.0 ± 7.3 | 30.8 ± 13.9 | 26.6 ± 12.2 | 24.8 ± 9.9 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.7 ± 4.0 | 25.4 ± 6.8 | 22.3 ± 3.9 | 22.4 ± 5.2 |
| GGT (U/L) | 29.4 ± 14.0 | 25.5 ± 16.2 | 29.8 ± 19.7 | 24.3 ± 12.6 |
| Lipid metabolism | ||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 138.9 ± 65.7 | 135.0 ± 91.8 | 145.3 ± 94.2 | 109.4 ± 55.0 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 210.3 ± 33.9 | 201.9 ± 36.9 | 214.5 ± 36.5 | 203.3 ± 32.0 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 53.5 ± 14.8 | 53.1 ± 14.5 | 56.3 ± 13.5 | 53.4 ± 15.3 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 129.1 ± 26.2 | 120.2 ± 25.7 | 129.2 ± 26.8 | 128.0 ± 27.9 |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93.5 ± 8.0 | 93.2 ± 7.0 | 94.9 ± 6.9 | 91.9 ± 8.3 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 14.9 ± 7.8 | 12.0 ± 6.9 | 10.9 ± 5.1 | 11.4 ± 5.6 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.4 |
| Kidney function | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| GFR (ml/min) | 100.6 ± 7.0 | 99.4 ± 6.4 | 100.2 ± 12.6 | 103.1 ± 8.2 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 44.0 ± 2.0 | 43.7 ± 2.2 | 43.2 ± 2.2 | 43.7 ± 2.4 |
| Inflammation | ||||
| CRP (ng/pL) | 7.0 ± 8.7 | 4.1 ± 5.5 | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 3.9 ± 3.8 |
| IFN-γ (ng/µL) | 16.6 ± 16.1 | 12.9 ± 12.9 | 17.5 ± 16.7 | 11.1 ± 7.8 |
| TNF-α (ng/µL) | 4.3 ± 2.7 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 5.0 ± 2.6 | 4.2 ± 2.5 |
| IL-6 (ng/µL) | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 3.5 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 1.1 |
| IL-8 (ng/µL) | 10.6 ± 4.4 | 14.2 ± 23.7 | 9.8 ± 4.8 | 10.6 ± 5.3 |
| LDH (U/L) | 197.3 ± 30.1 | 197.4 ± 26.8 | 192.7 ± 31.8 | 200.2 ± 28.3 |
| Adipokines | ||||
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 15.6 ± 8.4 | 18.7 ± 11.4 | 16.9 ± 11.4 | 19.9 ± 13.7 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 29.2 ± 25.3 | 19.8 ± 20.3 | 21.5 ± 15.2 | 29.7 ± 29.4 |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 3.3 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartat aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL6, interleukin 6; IL8, interleukin 8; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low density lipoprotein, SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.