Table 4.
Chi-squared of mental and physical health measures by race and food security status for food-insecure mothers in Virginia (n = 1029).
| Race | Food Security (FS) 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n = 673) |
Black (n = 242) |
Other Races (n = 121) |
Low FS (n = 232) |
Very Low FS (n = 797) |
|||
| n 1 (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Effect Size 2 | n 1 (%) | n (%) | Effect Size 2 | |
| Stress 3 | 0.1 | 0.3 (small) | |||||
| High | 423 * (63.1) | 105 * (43.9) | 64 (53.3) | 79 * (34.1) | 513 * (64.4) | ||
| Average | 225 * (33.6) | 121 * (50.6) | 54 (45.0) | 129 * (55.6) | 271 * (34.0) | ||
| Low | 22 (3.3) | 13 (5.4) | 2 (1.7) | 24 * (10.3) | 13 * (1.6) | ||
| Life Satisfaction 3 | 0.06 | 0.3 (small) | |||||
| Extremely Dissatisfied | 120 (17.9) | 33 (13.8) | 14 (11.7) | 15 * (6.5) | 152 * (19.1) | ||
| Dissatisfied | 136 (20.3) | 39 (16.3) | 23 (19.2) | 26 * (11.2) | 172 * (21.6%) | ||
| Slightly Below Average | 147 (21.9) | 56 (23.4) | 30 (25.0) | 44 (19.0) | 189 (23.7) | ||
| Average | 140 (20.9) | 57 (23.8) | 29 (24.2) | 54 (23.3) | 172 (21.6) | ||
| High | 71 (10.6) | 33 (13.8) | 14 (11.7) | 53 * (22.8) | 65 * (8.2) | ||
| Very High | 56 (8.4) | 21 (8.8) | 10 (8.3) | 40 * (17.2) | 47 * (5.9) | ||
| Physical Health 3 | 0.1 | 0.2 (small) | |||||
| Excellent | 48 * (7.2) | 39 * (16.3) | 12 (10.0) | 40 * (17.2) | 59 * (7.4) | ||
| Very Good | 133 (19.9) | 41 (17.2) | 28 (23.3) | 59 (25.4) | 143 (17.9) | ||
| Good | 257 (38.4) | 83 (34.7) | 44 (36.7) | 92 (39.7) | 292 (36.6) | ||
| Fair | 177 (26.4) | 66 (27.6) | 32 (26.7) | 36 * (15.5) | 239 * (30.0) | ||
| Poor | 55 (8.2) | 10 (4.2) | 4 (3.3) | 5 * (2.2) | 64 * (8.0) | ||
| Diet Quality 3 | 0.1 | 0.2 (small) | |||||
| Excellent | 24 * (3.6) | 22 * (9.2) | 9 (7.5) | 27 * (11.6) | 28 * (3.5) | ||
| Very Good | 66 (9.9) | 33 (13.8) | 24 * (20.0) | 42 * (18.1) | 81 * (10.2) | ||
| Good | 245 (36.6) | 70 (29.3) | 34 (28.3) | 89 (38.4) | 260 (32.6) | ||
| Fair | 236 (35.2) | 79 (33.1) | 42 (35.0) | 58 * (25.0) | 299 * (37.5) | ||
| Poor | 99 (14.8) | 35 (14.6) | 11 (9.2) | 16 * (6.9) | 129 * (16.2) | ||
1,* Outcome significantly differed from the expected value based on a chi-squared test and a significance at the Bonferroni adjusted p-value threshold of 0.0025, as analyzed by adjusted standardized residuals. 2 Effect size assessed by Cramer’s V. A small effect was defined as greater than 0.2 but less than 0.4. 3 Tools used to assess measures: Food Security—United States Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Module; Stress—National Institutes of Health Toolbox Perceived Stress for Adults; Life Satisfaction—Satisfaction with Life Scale; Overall Physical Health—one-item Likert-type scale (DeSalvo et al.); Diet Quality—one-item Likert-type scale (Loftfield et al.).