Table 9.

Experimental Results Obtained by the Five Algorithms for Four Test Functions.

Test Function	Statistics	Ant Colony Optimization	Genetic Algorithm	Chaos Multi-Population Particle Swarm Optimization	Grey Wolf Optimization	Proposed Algorithm
f 1	Mean	4.62 × 10−16	5.01 × 10−22	2.58 × 10−43	1.21 × 10−69	3.23 × 10−93
	Std. Dev.	3.49 × 10−16	1.87 × 10−22	2.12 × 10−43	7.38 × 10−69	4.66 × 10−93
f 2	Mean	9.28 × 10−20	9.31 × 10−42	9.35 × 10−77	3.66 × 10−135	7.57 × 10−191
	Std. Dev.	5.72 × 10−20	7.63 × 10−42	6.27 × 10−77	2.98 × 10−135	8.43 × 10−191
f 3	Mean	1.24 × 10−2	5.78 × 10−4	6.95 × 10−9	1.71 × 10−15	0
	Std. Dev.	9.36 × 10−2	2.33 × 10−4	3.25 × 10−9	0.62 × 10−15	0
f 4	Mean	5.32 × 10−7	4.23 × 10−9	1.09 × 10−24	9.54 × 10−34	1.95 × 10−49
	Std. Dev.	7.14 × 10−7	2.11 × 10−9	1.87 × 10−24	6.03 × 10−34	5.82 × 10−49