Table 3.
Clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes of the study cohort, stratified by type of micronutrient supplementation.
| Variables * | No Supplementation (n = 313) |
Magnesium Supplementation (n = 61) |
Ca+Mg+Zn Supplementation (n = 74) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Obesity, (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 65 (20.8%) | 11 (18.0%) | 14 (18.9%) | 0.859 |
| High blood pressure | 28 (8.9%) | 5 (8.2%) | 7 (9.5%) | 0.967 |
| Thromboembolic events | 7 (2.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.460 |
| Others ** | 16 (5.1%) | 4 (6.6%) | 4 (5.4%) | 0.899 |
| COVID-19 severity | 0.868 | |||
| Mild | 229 (73.2%) | 47 (77.0%) | 53 (71.6%) | |
| Moderate | 70 (22.4%) | 12 (19.7%) | 19 (25.7%) | |
| Severe | 14 (4.5%) | 2 (3.3%) | 2 (2.7%) | |
| COVID-19 symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 246 (78.6%) | 45 (73.8%) | 53 (71.6%) | 0.369 |
| Anosmia/Ageusia | 179 (57.2%) | 27 (44.3%) | 31 (41.9%) | 0.020 |
| Cough | 215 (68.7%) | 39 (63.9%) | 42 (56.8%) | 0.139 |
| Fatigue | 272 (86.9%) | 46 (75.4%) | 54 (73.0%) | 0.003 |
| Dyspnea | 124 (39.6%) | 22 (36.1%) | 25 (33.8%) | 0.607 |
| Digestive symptoms | 88 (28.1%) | 11 (18.0%) | 12 (16.2%) | 0.043 |
| Others | 71 (22.7%) | 11 (18.0%) | 14 (18.9%) | 0.610 |
| Maternal complications | ||||
| Anemia | 98 (31.3%) | 17 (27.9%) | 19 (25.7%) | 0.592 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 27 (8.6%) | 3 (4.9%) | 5 (6.8%) | 0.573 |
| Gestational hypertension | 25 (8.0%) | 2 (3.3%) | 2 (2.7%) | 0.138 |
| Oligohydramnios | 17 (5.4%) | 1 (1.6%) | 3 (4.1%) | 0.422 |
| Polyhydramnios | 15 (4.8%) | 2 (3.3%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.379 |
| Abnormal presentation | 33 (10.5%) | 4 (6.6%) | 5 (6.8%) | 0.433 |
| PROM | 34 (10.9%) | 2 (3.3%) | 3 (4.1%) | 0.047 |
| Cesarean delivery | 76 (24.3%) | 12 (19.7%) | 15 (20.3%) | 0.611 |
| Neonatal complications | ||||
| Anemia | 62 (19.8%) | 9 (14.8%) | 12 (16.2%) | 0.555 |
| Puerperal infection | 21 (6.7%) | 2 (3.3%) | 2 (2.7%) | 0.281 |
| Premature birth | 45 (14.4%) | 4 (6.6%) | 4 (5.4%) | 0.038 |
| Malformations | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.690 |
| NRDS | 16 (5.1%) | 2 (3.3%) | 2 (2.7%) | 0.592 |
| Birth weight | 0.037 | |||
| <1500 g | 13 (4.2%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (1.4%) | |
| 1500–2500 g | 41 (13.1%) | 3 (4.9%) | 3 (4.1%) | |
| >2500 g | 259 (82.7%) | 57 (93.4%) | 70 (94.6%) | |
| APGAR score | 0.033 | |||
| ≥9 | 238 (76.0%) | 54 (88.5%) | 66 (89.2%) | |
| 7–8 | 57 (18.2%) | 4 (6.6%) | 6 (8.1%) | |
| ≤6 | 18 (5.8%) | 3 (4.9%) | 2 (2.7%) | |
| Days since COVID-19 diagnosis | 0.898 | |||
| <90 days | 131 (41.9%) | 24 (39.3%) | 42 (43.2%) | |
| ≥90 days | 182 (58.1%) | 37 (60.7%) | 42 (56.8%) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD (U/mL) | 0.044 | |||
| <500 | 197 (62.9%) | 30 (49.2%) | 38 (51.4%) | |
| ≥500 | 116 (37.1%) | 31 (50.8%) | 36 (48.6%) |
* Data presented as n (frequency) unless otherwise specified; ** excluding renal illness, autoimmune disease, and diabetes mellitus; BMI—Body Mass Index; APGAR—Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration; NRDS—Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome.