Table 1.

Cellulose micro- and nanomaterials.

Type	Fabrication [26,28,39,44]	Structure [26,27,39,46]	Size [26,27,28,46,69,70]
CMF	Mechanical treatment	Long thin flexible aggregates of elementary fibrils/microfibrils with amorphous and crystalline domains	Width 20–100 nm Length 0.5—several μm
CNF	Mechanical with/without chemical and/or enzymatic treatment	Long thin flexible structures with amorphous and crystalline domains	Width 2–100 nm Length 0.5—several μm
CMC	Hydrolysis with diluted inorganic acids with/without mechanical treatment	Rigid crystalline spherical or rod-shaped particles (large aggregates of nanocrystals)	10–200 μm
CNC	Hydrolysis with concentrated inorganic acids with mechanical and/or ultrasound treatment	Rigid whiskers, needle-like crystalline particles	Width 3–50 nm Length 100–500 nm (up to several μm for cellulose from algae, tunicate and BC)

Abbreviations: CNC: cellulose nanocrystals (nanocrystalline cellulose); CMC: cellulose microcrystals (microcrystalline cellulose); CNF: cellulose nanofibers; CMF: cellulose microfibers.