Table 6.
Selected studies on covalent modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials via silanization for the preparation of composites with aliphatic polyesters.
| Type of Cellulose |
Modifying Agent(s) | Filler Content (wt%) |
Matrix Aliphatic Polyester |
Processing/ Design of Composites |
Characterization Methods | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC | APTES | 3 | PLA/PP | Extrusion + Molding/Films | FTIR, SEM, DSC, rheological, DMA and tensile tests | [174] |
| CMC | APTES | 0–25 | PLA | Automated coating/Films | FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, degradation study and mechanical tests | [171] |
| CNF | APTES | 9.5 or 17 | PCL | Electro-spinning and compression molding/Films | SEM, XPS, DSC, DMA and tensile tests | [175] |
| CNC | APTES | 2.5 | PLA | Compression molding/Sheets | FTIR, SEM, DMTA | [176] |
| Cellulose fibers |
APTES | 6, 8 or 10 | PLA-co-glycerol | Impregnation of filler into resin/Slides | TGA, DSC, SEM, flexural, wettability, water adsorption, conductivity, DMTA and mechanical tests, element and resonance analysis | [169] |
| Cellulose fibers |
APTES | 30 | PLA | Blending | FTIR, SEM, DSC, HDT, mechanical tests | [172] |
| CNC | CETMS | 0.5 or 1 | PLA | Hot pressing/Films | FTIR, FE-SEM, WAXS, mechanical tests | [177] |
| CNC | MTMS | 2.5 | PLA | Casting/Films | FTIR, SEM-EDS, TEM, TGA, DSC, mechanical tests | [178] |
| CMF | APTES, DMS and TMS | 1 | PLA | Extrusion + molding/blends | NMR, FTIR, DSC, TGA, and mechanical tests | [179] |
| CNF | MPTMS | 0.25–2 | PLA | Casting; Melt blending/Films | NMR, FTIR, SEM, AFM, TGA, and mechanical tests; XPS, DSC | [170] |
| CNW | MPTMS, APTES, VTMS, MTMS | 2.5; 3 | PLA | Casting/Films | FTIR, DSC, SEM, and mechanical tests | [173,180] |
| CNC/DPF | MPTMS and PEG-6000 | N/A | PLA | Hot molding/Strips | FTIR, SEM, TGA, DSC, water adsorption, degradation and mechanical tests | [181] |
| CNF | VTMS, APTES and GPTES | 5 | PLA | Extrusion + Molding/Films | FTIR, TGA, AFM, SEM, and mechanical tests | [182] |
| Cellulose fibers |
GPTES | 30 | PLA + PP | Hot molding/Films | FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, DMA | [183] |
| Lignincellulose fibers | MPTMS vs. acetic anhydride |
30 | PLA | Extrusion/Strands | FTIR, TGA, SEM, GPC, TGA, mechanical tests | [184] |
Methods: HDT: heat deflection temperature; for other abbreviations see footnote to Table 3. Abbreviations: DPF: digital printing wastepaper fiber; APTES: γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; CETMS: 2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrimethoxysilane; MTMS: (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (A-189); DMS: N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; TMS: N1-(3-trimethoxysilyl propyl) diethylenetriamine; MPTMS: 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; VTMS: vinyltrimethoxysilane; VTES: vinyltriethoxysilane; GPTES: glycidyloxypropyl triethoxysilane.