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. 2022 Apr 5;14(7):1477. doi: 10.3390/polym14071477

Table 7.

Summary on covalent modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials with alkyl/aryl isocyanates for the preparation of composites with aliphatic polyesters.

Type of
Cellulose
Modifying Agent(s) Filler
Content (wt%)
Matrix
Aliphatic
Polyester
Processing/
Design of Composites
Characterization Methods Refs.
CNF and CMF n-Octadecyl
isocyanate
3–12 PCL Casting/Films TEM, SEM, DSC, DMA and tensile tests [185]
CNC n-Octadecyl
isocyanate
5 or 10 PCL Casting/Films FTIR, XPS, SEM, TGA, rheological and wettability tests [29]
CMC Toluene-2,4-
diisocyanate
1–5 PLA Extrusion + Molding/
Films
Elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, wettability and mechanical tests [32]
CNC Toluene-2,4-
diisocyanate
1–5;
1–9
PLA Casting/Films ATR-FTIR, UVis, TEM, AFM, TGA, tensile tests; NMR, SEM, XRD, DSC [186,187]
CNC Isophorone
diisocyanate
1 or 5 PLA Casting/Films Elemental analysis, NMR, XRD, SEM, wettability and mechanical tests [188]
Holocellulose powder 4,4′-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) 5–30 PBS Hot pressing/Sheets FTIR, SEM, wettability, water adsorption, degradation and mechanical tests [189]

Methods: for abbreviations see footnote to Table 3.

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