Table 7.
Type of Cellulose |
Modifying Agent(s) | Filler Content (wt%) |
Matrix Aliphatic Polyester |
Processing/ Design of Composites |
Characterization Methods | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNF and CMF |
n-Octadecyl isocyanate |
3–12 | PCL | Casting/Films | TEM, SEM, DSC, DMA and tensile tests | [185] |
CNC |
n-Octadecyl isocyanate |
5 or 10 | PCL | Casting/Films | FTIR, XPS, SEM, TGA, rheological and wettability tests | [29] |
CMC | Toluene-2,4- diisocyanate |
1–5 | PLA | Extrusion + Molding/ Films |
Elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, wettability and mechanical tests | [32] |
CNC | Toluene-2,4- diisocyanate |
1–5; 1–9 |
PLA | Casting/Films | ATR-FTIR, UVis, TEM, AFM, TGA, tensile tests; NMR, SEM, XRD, DSC | [186,187] |
CNC | Isophorone diisocyanate |
1 or 5 | PLA | Casting/Films | Elemental analysis, NMR, XRD, SEM, wettability and mechanical tests | [188] |
Holocellulose powder | 4,4′-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) | 5–30 | PBS | Hot pressing/Sheets | FTIR, SEM, wettability, water adsorption, degradation and mechanical tests | [189] |
Methods: for abbreviations see footnote to Table 3.