Table 8.
Summary on covalent modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials by grafting “from” technique.
| Type of Cellulose |
Grafted Polymer | Cellulose Premodification/Polymerization Technique | Filler Content (wt%) |
Matrix Aliphatic Polyester |
Processing/ Design |
Characterization Methods |
Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CNC | PLA | −/ROP | 1 or 5 | PLA | Extrusion + Casting/Films | Elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA | [200] |
| CNC | PLLA, PDLA | −/ROP | 1–10 | PLA | Casting/Films | NMR, FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, POM, DSC, mechanical tests | [201] |
| CNW | PLLA | −/ROP | 2, 4 or 8 | PLA | Molding | FTIR, AFM, DSC, DMTA | [202] |
| CNC | PLLA | −/ROP | 5, 10 or 20 | PLA, PLGA, PHB | Casting/Films | NMR, FTIR, AFM, mechanical tests | [203,204] |
| CNC | PLLA, PDLA | −/ROP | 5 or 15 | PLLA | Casting/Films | NMR, FTIR, WAXD, POM, DSC, rheological tests | [205] |
| CMC | OLLA | −/ROP | 10, 30 or 50 | PLA | Hot pressing/Films | NMR, FTIR, SEM, DSC, mechanical tests | [82] |
| CNF | PLA | −/ROP | 2 | PLA | Extrusion/ Filaments |
FTIR, SEM, WVP, oxygen permeability, water adsorption and mechanical tests | [206] |
| CNC | PLLA, PDLA | −/ROP | 0.2, 0.5 or 1 | PLA | Casting/Sheets | NMR, FTIR, GPC, TEM, SEM, DSC, TGA, rheology study | [207] |
| CNC | PLLA | −/ROP | 5 | PCL | Casting/Films | FTIR, TGA, DLS, POM, mechanical and MTT-tests | [208] |
| CNC | PLA | −/ROP | 2 | PHB | Melt mixing | NMR, FTIR, DSC, XRD, TEM, XPS, SAXS | [209] |
| CNF | PCL | −/ROP | 10 | PCL | Molding/Films | FTIR, SEM, mechanical tests | [210] |
| CNW | PCL | −/ROP | 1 or 5 | PBSA | Casting/Films | FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, DSC | [211] |
| CNC | PCL | −/ROP | 0.5 or 1 | PHVB | Melt Blending | FTIR, FE-SEM, DSC, HSPOM, rheological and mechanical tests | [164] |
| CNW | PCL | −/ROP | − | − | − | SEC, XPS, FTIR, contact angles measurements | [212] |
| CNW | PCL | −/ROP | 0–40 | PCL | Casting/Films | FTIR, TOF-SIMS, WAXS, XPS, TEM, TGA, DMA, DSC, wettability and tensile tests | [67] |
| CNC | PLA | APTES + 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid/ROP | 1–7 | PLA | Electrospining/Nanofibers film | FTIR, XPS, SEM, TGA, tensile and shape memory tests | [213] |
| CNC | PBS | −/Polycondensation of 1,4-butanediol and succinic anhydride | 0.5, 1 or 2 | PLA/PBS | Compression molding/Sheets | NMR, FTIR, XPC, SEC, elemental analysis, SEM, DSC, TGA, WAXD, DMA, | [214] |
| Cellulose fibers | PBA, PEHA or PMMA | Adsorption of monomers/radical polymerization | 50 | PLA | Hot pressing/Sheets | Optical microscopy, SEM, DMA, fungal growth test | [215] |
| CNC | PBMA | α-bromoisobutyryl bromide/ATRP | 0.5, 1 or 3 | PCL | Extrusion + hot pressing/Sheets | FTIR, AFM, SEM, wettability, mechanical tests | [216] |
| CNF | PMMA | Oxidation with TEMPO + GPTMS/radical polymerization | 1, 2 or 3 | PLA | Compression molding/Sheets | FTIR, NMR, TEM, SEM, TGA, DSC, wettability and transparency study, mechanical tests | [217] |
| CMF | PMMA | VTES, MPTMS | 2 | PHB | Molding/Films | FTIR, TGA, DSC, POM, SEM, DMA and tensile tests | [218] |
Methods: TOF-SIMS: time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; SAXS: small-angle X-ray scattering; for other abbreviations see footnote to Table 3. Abbreviations: ROP: ring-opening polymerization; ATRP: atom-transfer radical polymerization; OLLA: oligo(lactic acid); PBSA: poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate]; PBA: poly(butyl acrylate); PEHA: poly(ethylhexyl acrylate); PMMA: poly(methyl methacrylate); PBMA: poly (butyl methacrylate); GPTMS: 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane.