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. 2022 Apr 5;14(7):1477. doi: 10.3390/polym14071477

Table 9.

Summary on covalent modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials by grafting “to” technique.

Type of
Cellulose		 Grafted Polymer Cellulose Premodification/Polymerization Technique Filler
Content (wt%)		 Matrix
Aliphatic
Polyester		 Processing/
Design		 Characterization
Methods		 Refs.
CNC PGlu Amination/ROP 5 PLLA Casting/Films NMR, DLS, TGA, mechanical tests [225]
CNC PGlu Amination/ROP 5, 10 or 15 PLLA,
PDLLA, PCL		 Casting/Films OTM, ORM, SEM, POM, mechanical tests, MTT-test, in vivo study, histology [230,231]
CNC PLA Toluene diisocyanate 0.2, 0.5 or 1 PLA Casting/
Sheets		 NMR, FTIR, GPC, TEM, SEM, DSC, TGA, rheology study [207]
CNC Propargyl-containing PLA/PBS Tionyl chloride followed with sodium azide − − − SEC, MALDI, ATR-IR, XPS, NMR, TGA, SEM [229]
Cellulose fibers N3-PCL 10-undecynoic acid − − − FTIR, NMR, XPS,
elemental analysis		 [228]
CNC Epoxy-PEG APTES 1–5 PLA Hot pressing FTIR, TEM, XPS, XRD, SEM, POM, TGA, DSC, wettability and mechanical tests [227]

Methods: OTM: optical transmitted microscopy; ORM: optical reflected microscopy; MALDI: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry; for other abbreviations see footnote to Table 3, Table 4 and Table 8. Abbreviations: PGlu: poly(glutamic acid).