Table 3.
Relative content (%) of nine anthocyanin pigments in berries of Malbec, Merlot, and Pinot Noir plants grown under high (HT) and control temperature (C) conditions during the fruit ripening process.
| Anthocyanin Pigment §/Year |
MALBEC | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Veraison | Half Ripeness | Harvest | ||||
| HT | C | HT | C | HT | C | |
| Df | ||||||
| 2017 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.6 * | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.4 |
| 2018 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.3 |
| Cn | ||||||
| 2017 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| 2018 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 * | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| Pt | ||||||
| 2017 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 8.5 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.4 | 10.7 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 9.0 ± 0.6 |
| 2018 | 11.1 ± 0.7 | 11.9 ± 0.3 | 8.4 ± 0.6 | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.3 |
| Po | ||||||
| 2017 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 0.6 * | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.5 * | 4.7 ± 0.4 |
| 2018 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 1.7 ± 0.8 |
| Mv | ||||||
| 2017 | 46.6 ± 0.8 | 46.5 ± 0.7 | 54.9 ± 1.1 | 55.2 ± 0.4 | 54.0 ± 0.9 | 55.3 ± 1.2 |
| 2018 | 54.3 ± 0.5 | 53.5 ± 0.8 | 50.7 ± 1.4 | 54.4 ± 0.9 * | 54.6 ± 0.3 | 55.6 ± 0.40 * |
| PoAc | ||||||
| 2017 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 ** | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 * | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 2018 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 * | 0.1 ± 0.00 |
| MvAc | ||||||
| 2017 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.03 * | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.08 | 1.4 ± 0.06 |
| 2018 | 0.8 ± 0.02 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 * | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.00 | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| PoCu | ||||||
| 2017 | 2.8 ± 0.1 * | 2.5 ± 0.02 | 1.8 ± 0.2 * | 1.2 ± 0.04 | 2.2 ± 0.3 * | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
| 2018 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.01 | 1.6 ± 0.1 * | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
| MvCu | ||||||
| 2017 | 27.9 ± 1.7 | 27.7 ± 1.3 | 18.4 ± 1.1 | 18.2 ± 1.6 | 21.9 ± 1.0 | 22.2 ± 1.6 |
| 2018 | 19.8 ± 1.6 | 18.1 ± 0.8 | 31.5 ± 2.6 * | 26.0 ± 0.9 | 30.9 ± 0.4 * | 28.2 ± 0.7 |
| Total AA | ||||||
| 2017 | 36.0 | 35.9 | 23.6 | 22.7 | 25.6 | 25.2 |
| 2018 | 22.7 | 21.2 | 33.8 * | 27.7 | 32.7 * | 29.8 |
| Df | ||||||
| 2017 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 8.5 ± 0.5 * | 7.8 ± 0.8 ** | 7.0 ± 0.5 |
| 2018 | 8.8 ± 1.0 | 13.1 ± 1.3 * | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 8.1 ± 0.3 * |
| Cn | ||||||
| 2017 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.8 * | 3.3 ± 0.4 |
| 2018 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 1.0 * | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.4 * | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 * |
| Pt | ||||||
| 2017 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 11.0 ± 0.2 | 12.7 ± 0.5 * | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 10.7 ± 0.3 |
| 2018 | 12.5 ± 0.8 | 13.9 ± 0.8 ** | 10.5 ± 0.6 | 12.3 ± 0.9 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 10.7 ± 0.3 * |
| Po | ||||||
| 2017 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 11.6 ± 0.6 | 10.8 ± 1.2 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 13.9 ± 0.8 * | 10.2 ± 0.9 |
| 2018 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 8.9 ± 1.3 * | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 7.0 ± 0.8 * | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.8 * |
| Mv | ||||||
| 2017 | 53.9 ± 0.8 | 52.8 ± 2.3 | 56.5 ± 1.0 * | 54.2 ± 0.8 | 50.4 ± 1.2 | 55.9 ± 1.3 * |
| 2018 | 59.3 ± 2.5 ** | 51.6 ± 3.2 | 62.8 ± 1.8 * | 57.6 ± 2.2 | 63.2 ± 0.9 ** | 58.5 ± 1.2 |
| PoAc | ||||||
| 2017 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.04 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.03 |
| 2018 | 0.1 ± 0.01 ** | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.02 * | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.00 ** | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
| MvAc | ||||||
| 2017 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 * |
| 2018 | 0.3 ± 0.05 * | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.00 * | 0.3 ± 0.05 |
| PoCu | ||||||
| 2017 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.1 * | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 * | 1.7 ± 0.1 |
| 2018 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 ** | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 * |
| MvCu | ||||||
| 2017 | 8.9 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 0.1 * | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 9.1 ± 0.4 * |
| 2018 | 8.9 ± 1.0 * | 7.1 ± 0.9 | 12.4 ± 0.8 * | 10.0 ± 1.1 | 12.7 ± 0.2* | 10.9 ± 0.4 |
| Total AA | ||||||
| 2017 | 18.3 | 18.0 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 13.0 |
| 2018 | 10.5 * | 8.7 | 14.0 * | 11.5 | 14.6 * | 13.1 |
| Df | ||||||
| 2017 | 0.6 ± 0.1 * | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.02 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 * | 1.1 ± 0.03 |
| 2018 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.3 * | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 ** | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 0.3 |
| Cn | ||||||
| 2017 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 * | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| 2018 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 * | 1.1 ± 0.04 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.01 * |
| Pt | ||||||
| 2017 | 4.0 ± 0.4 * | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.1 * | 4.4 ± 0.1 |
| 2018 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 6.9 ± 0.5 * | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 7.6 ± 0.2 ** | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.4 |
| Po | ||||||
| 2017 | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 12.2 ± 0.9 | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 17.6 ± 0.6 | 16.2 ± 1.5 |
| 2018 | 16.1 ± 3.0 | 12.1 ± 0.3 | 18.6 ± 1.7 | 15.6 ± 1.0 | 21.6 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 1.0 |
| Mv | ||||||
| 2017 | 85.9 ± 0.5 | 85.7 ± 0.8 | 82.0 ± 0.8 | 81.4 ± 1.8 | 75.4 ± 0.6 | 77.6 ± 1.7 |
| 2018 | 77.3 ± 2.8 | 77.2 ± 0.9 | 73.0 ± 1.4 | 72.0 ± 1.0 | 67.3 ± 3.0 | 64.3 ± 0.6 |
| PoAc | ||||||
| 2017 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2018 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| MvAc | ||||||
| 2017 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2018 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| PoCu | ||||||
| 2017 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2018 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| MvCu | ||||||
| 2017 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2018 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Total AA | ||||||
| 2017 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 2018 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
§ Abbreviated pigments names are as follows: Df. delphinidin-3-glucoside; Cn. cyanidin-3-glucoside; Pt. petunidin-3-glucoside; Po. peonidin-3-glucoside; Mv. malvidin-3-glucoside; PoAc. peonidin-3-O-acetylglucoside; MvAc. malvidin-3-O-acetyl-glucoside; PoCu. peonidin-3-O-coumaroyl-glucoside; MvCu. malvidin-3-O-coumaroyl-glucoside. Values are means ± standard errors of four replicates, expressed as percentage of the total anthocyanin content. Compounds significantly affected by the temperature treatments are denoted in bold letters. Asterisks indicate significant difference between HT and C treatments at p ≤ 0.05 (*), p ≤ 0.01 (**), for a given year, phenological stage, and cultivar (DGC test).