Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of the study participants, overall and by MAL-ED study sites.
| BGD | BRF | INV | NPB | PEL | PKN | TZH | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 174) | (n = 128) | (n = 223) | (n = 115) | (n = 150) | (n = 151) | (n = 152) | (n = 1093) | |
| Female child, n (%) | 86 (49.4%) | 58 (45.3%) | 120 (53.8%) | 51 (44.3%) | 62 (41.3%) | 73 (48.3%) | 73 (48.0%) | 523 (47.9%) |
| Birth weight (kg), Mean ± SD | 2.81 ± 0.41 | 3.36 ± 0.52 | 2.89 ± 0.44 | 2.95 ± 0.40 | 3.13 ± 0.42 | 1.52 ± 1.46 | 3.27 ± 0.49 | 2.83 ± 0.88 |
| Daily energy (Kcal) intake, Median [IQR] | 338 [272, 412] | 987 [824, 1140] | 739 [600, 894] | 392 [328, 481] | 728 [610, 876] | 619 [470, 782] | 994 [888, 1130] | 699 [452, 917] |
| Daily protein (gm) intake, Median [IQR] | 9.37 [7.83, 12.0] | 40.3 [34.3, 48.7] | 20.7 [16.4, 26.8] | 10.6 [8.09, 13.7] | 19.5 [16.3, 22.6] | 15.8 [11.9, 20.4] | 28.2 [24.6, 34.0] | 19.2 [12.2, 27.5] |
| Daily carbohydrates (gm) intake, Median [IQR] | 56.1 [45.0, 67.9] | 138 [113, 157] | 112 [93.6, 133] | 58.8 [49.4, 69.5] | 126 [109, 154] | 86.8 [69.6, 107] | 185 [163, 207] | 107 [70.0, 143] |
| Daily iron (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 1.40 [1.09, 1.78] | 14.2 [11.3, 17.4] | 2.38 [2.05, 2.95] | 1.31 [1.06, 1.70] | 3.77 [2.99, 4.80] | 2.09 [1.69, 2.78] | 8.31 [7.23, 9.14] | 2.70 [1.72, 6.90] |
| Daily folate (ug) intake, Median [IQR] | 34.3 [28.8, 44.8] | 166 [133, 201] | 82.0 [68.5, 101] | 40.3 [32.8, 53.9] | 57.8 [43.0, 71.7] | 58.7 [47.0, 78.3] | 65.0 [56.2, 77.3] | 63.6 [44.2, 88.8] |
| Daily zinc (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 1.13 [0.90, 1.42] | 9.05 [7.27, 11.0] | 2.85 [2.24, 3.69] | 1.28 [1.00, 1.71] | 2.20 [1.87, 2.74] | 1.94 [1.46, 2.54] | 5.25 [4.55, 6.03] | 2.43 [1.48, 4.54] |
| Daily thiamin (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 0.18 [0.15, 0.23] | 0.77 [0.65, 0.95] | 0.25 [0.20, 0.32] | 0.16 [0.12, 0.22] | 0.28 [0.23, 0.37] | 0.41 [0.33, 0.52] | 0.56 [0.47, 0.63] | 0.30 [0.20, 0.52] |
| Daily niacin (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 2.64 [2.08, 3.19] | 9.47 [7.51, 11.3] | 2.66 [2.12, 3.22] | 1.60 [1.25, 2.07] | 3.96 [3.13, 4.60] | 4.37 [3.43, 5.61] | 5.44 [4.63, 6.12] | 3.53 [2.44, 5.35] |
| Daily riboflavin (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 0.20 [0.15, 0.30] | 1.52 [1.27, 1.87] | 0.44 [0.29, 0.79] | 0.25 [0.17, 0.37] | 0.47 [0.35, 0.65] | 0.49 [0.36, 0.74] | 0.97 [0.64, 1.34] | 0.47 [0.28, 0.94] |
| Daily Vitamin-A (ug) intake, Median [IQR] | 52.8 [35.9, 77.4] | 955 [754, 1150] | 181 [116, 284] | 83.9 [61.0, 114] | 219 [148, 335] | 150 [93.0, 220] | 136 [91.5, 184] | 147 [81.2, 271] |
| Daily Vitamin-C (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 10.1 [6.88, 16.2] | 101 [77.2, 121] | 9.67 [7.92, 11.9] | 7.28 [5.08, 10.0] | 55.4 [28.5, 114] | 11.6 [7.38, 17.9] | 5.84 [3.96, 7.89] | 11.2 [7.11, 27.5] |
| Daily Vitamin-B6 (mg) intake, Median [IQR] | 0.26 [0.20, 0.32] | 1.03 [0.79, 1.51] | 0.27 [0.21, 0.34] | 0.23 [0.19, 0.29] | 0.37 [0.30, 0.45] | 0.42 [0.32, 0.56] | 0.15 [0.11, 0.20] | 0.30 [0.21, 0.44] |
| Daily Vitamin-B12 (ug) intake, Median [IQR] | 0.37 [0.24, 0.60] | 4.61 [3.96, 5.59] | 0.62 [0.39, 0.96] | 0.51 [0.31, 0.84] | 0.94 [0.68, 1.29] | 0.68 [0.42, 1.21] | 1.18 [0.72, 1.75] | 0.77 [0.42, 1.44] |
| EBF duration in days, Median [IQR] | 109 [59.3, 157] | 56.5 [27.0, 99.3] | 79.0 [39.5, 111] | 43.0 [17.5, 96.0] | 14.5 [6.00, 56.8] | 10.0 [5.00, 14.0] | 34.0 [19.8, 61.0] | 42.0 [14.0, 95.0] |
| Myeloperoxidase (ng/mL) in log scale, Mean ± SD | 8.31 ± 0.41 | 7.83 ± 0.73 | 8.86 ± 0.46 | 8.55 ± 0.47 | 8.83 ± 0.48 | 8.31 ± 0.55 | 8.53 ± 0.41 | 8.49 ± 0.60 |
| Neopterin (nmol/L) in log scale, Mean ± SD | 6.87 ± 0.45 | 7.28 ± 0.38 | 7.41 ± 0.37 | 7.47 ± 0.28 | 7.72 ± 0.37 | 6.14 ± 0.39 | 6.62 ± 0.51 | 7.07 ± 0.65 |
| α-1 antitrypsin (mg/g) in log scale, Mean ± SD | −0.95 ± 0.37 | −1.30 ± 0.49 | −1.11 ± 0.37 | −0.76 ± 0.37 | −0.98 ± 0.42 | −1.78 ± 0.58 | −1.46 ± 0.48 | −1.19 ± 0.54 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), Median [IQR] | 11.9 [10.9, 12.7] | 12.0 [10.6, 13.3] | 11.2 [10.2, 11.9] | 11.3 [10.6, 11.7] | 11.7 [11.0, 12.5] | 9.80 [8.60, 10.7] | 11.4 [10.5, 12.2] | 11.3 [10.2, 12.2] |
| Zinc (μmol/L), Median [IQR] | 11.8 [10.9, 13.2] | 13.6 [12.9, 15.4] | 8.50 [8.00, 9.20] | 11.6 [10.1, 13.0] | 14.2 [11.8, 16.7] | 8.00 [6.00, 10.6] | 11.2 [10.0, 12.7] | 11.1 [9.00, 13.3] |
| Ratinol (μmol/L), Median [IQR] | 24.0 [19.9, 28.0] | 30.7 [25.3, 35.8] | 29.2 [23.2, 36.1] | 24.5 [19.9, 30.4] | 22.8 [18.9, 28.9] | 20.6 [16.5, 25.0] | 17.2 [13.8, 20.7] | 24.1 [18.9, 30.5] |
| Ferritin (μg/L), Median [IQR] | 7.75 [4.70, 14.2] | 25.3 [15.0, 36.4] | 8.60 [4.35, 19.7] | 14.8 [7.10, 24.2] | 25.9 [12.8, 37.3] | 4.00 [2.00, 8.10] | 15.0 [7.70, 24.5] | 12.3 [5.30, 25.7] |
| Bacteria load, Mean ± SD | 0.91 ± 0.25 | 1.05 ± 0.33 | 0.79 ± 0.28 | 0.70 ± 0.22 | 0.56 ± 0.24 | 1.14 ± 0.31 | 1.04 ± 0.31 | 0.88 ± 0.34 |
| Parasite load, Mean ± SD | 0.12 ± 0.10 | 0.14 ± 0.20 | 0.21 ± 0.19 | 0.14 ± 0.16 | 0.32 ± 0.21 | 0.45 ± 0.23 | 0.23 ± 0.18 | 0.23 ± 0.21 |
| Virus load, Mean ± SD | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.07 ± 0.08 |