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. 2022 Apr 2;22(7):2754. doi: 10.3390/s22072754

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The step-by-step fabrication process and working mechanism of the printed aptasensor for chlorpyrifos detection. The sensor is made of a three-electrode system: working electrode (WE), counter electrode (CE), and reference electrode (RE). (A) Bare working Ag electrode (WE), (B) 11-MUA attached to the WE with thiol bond, (C) EDC/NHS immobilization with 11-MUA, (D) covalent bonding between the amine group of aptamers with the carboxylic group of 11-MUA, (E) BSA immobilized on top of the electrode to eliminate non-specific binding, and (F) CPF attached with aptamer.