Table 1.
Shows the use of nanomaterials as additives in binders.
| Binder | Size | % of Variation |
Max. CS/STS/FS/WA |
Tests | Molarity | Code | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaoline + Silica fume | 50 mm3 | 5, 10, 15 | 10%–46 MPa | CS, EDS, XRD | - | ASTM C109 | [45] |
| Metakaolin + NS | 40 mm3 | 1, 2, 3 | 2%–28 MPa | Efflorescence, CS, WA, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD | - | ASTM C109 | [4] |
| FA + NS + Micro Silica | - | 5, 10, 15 | 5%–15.2 MPa | Flow test, CS, WA, FTIR, XRD | - | ASTM C109, Flow test-ASTM1437-16WA-ASTM, C1403-15 | [46] |
| FA + Pumice (Sand) | 50 mm3-CS, 40 × 40 × 160 mm-FS |
35 | 14 M–29 MPa-CS 14 M–4 MPa-FS |
Flow tests, CS, FS, Ultrasonic pulse velocity, Rheology | 10, 12, 14 | CS-ASTM C109 Flow Test-ASTM C 1437, FS-ASTM C348-18 UPV-ASTM C597-16 |
[42] |
| FA + NS + NCC | 40 × 40 × 160, mm-FS | 1, 2, 3 | 12 M–69.7 MPa-CS 12 M–10.7 MPa-FS |
CS, FS, FESEM, Ultrasonic pulse velocities | 8, 10, 12 | FS-TS EN 1015–11, Flow test-TSEN 1015–3 | [8] |
| Metakaolin + NZ | Dia. of 30 mm and ht. of 60 mm-CS | 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 | 0.5%–38 MPa | CS, SEM, XRD, FTIR, RXF, MIP, thermogravimetric, Density and WA |
10 | WA-ASTM C140, CS-ASTM D1633-00 | [47] |
| FA + GGBS + NS | 70.6 mm3-CS, | 0, 1, 2 | 2%–70.20 MPa-CS 2%–5.22 MPa-STS, 2%–5.57 MPa-FS |
CS, STS, FS, WA, RCPT, Water Sorptivity | 3 | CS-ASTM (2001) C 109, STS-ASTM (2001) C496, FS-ASTM (2001) C 78 | [48] |
| FA + GGBS + Glass bottles waste Nano powder | 50 mm3 CS, 40 × 40 × 160, mm-FS, 150(L), 75(D) mm-STS | 5, 10, 15, 20 | 5%–65 MPa-CS, 5%–6.8 MPa-FS, 5%–4.7 MPa-STS, 20%–10.2%-WA | Flow test, CS, STS, FS, TGA, FTIR, SEM, XRD, WA | 2 | FS-ASTM C78, STS-ASTM C496/C496M-11, CS-ASTM C109/109M | [41] |
| FA + NS + NT | 50 mm3-CS | 2% | 35.8 MPa and 33.7 MPa for NS + NT | CS, XRD, SEM, TGA, Hydration heat test | - | CS-ASTM C109 | [49] |
| FA + GGBS + NS | 75(D) × 150 (H) mm-CS | 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 | 2.5%–53.2 MPa-CS | Flow test, CS, ATR-FTIR, FESEM, TGA | 10 | Flow tests-ASTM C1437 | [26] |
| FA + OGPC + GGBS + NS | 50 mm3-CS | 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 | 3%–56 MPa | Flow, CS, SEM, EDX, XRD | 8 | CS-ASTM C109, C1437 | [27] |
| FA + NT | 40 mm3-CS | 1, 3, 5 | 5%–22% higher than reference sample | Workability, CS, SEM, XRD | 10 | Workability-ASTM C230 | [50] |
| Metakaolin + NS | - | 0, 1, 2, 3 | 1%–15.8 MPa-FS | FS, MAS NMR, TG/DTA | - | - | [28] |
| Metakaolin + NS | 70.6 mm3-CS | 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 | 4%–52.77 MPa-CS | CS, SEM | 14 | - | [31] |
| Air cooled slag + Water cooled slag + MVCNT | 25 mm3-CS | 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 | 0.1%–20.5 MPa-CS | SEM, XRD, FTIR | 6 | - | [7] |