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Pathomechanisms in hyperhomocysteinemia—oxidative stress, epigenetic modifications, altered protein function—causing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Hcy, homocysteine; SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; DNMT, DNA methyl transferase; NOX, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; SDM, superoxide dismutase; O2−, superoxide; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; ER, endoplasmatic reticulum.
