Table 2.

Summary of voltammetric procedures to determine painkillers residues at the screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon materials in environmental water samples.

Electrode	Analyte	Method	Linear Range [µM]	LOD [µM]	Application	Ref.
SPCE/CNFs	PA	DPAdSV	0.002–0.05 0.1–2.0	0.00054	river water, sea water	[98]
SPCE/MWCNTs-COOH	DF	DPAdSV	0.0001–0.01	0.000028	river water	[102]
SPCE/MWCNTs-COOH	PA DF	DPAdSV (PPA)	0.005–5.0 0.0001–0.02	0.0014 0.000030	wastewater, river water	[83]
SPCE	PA	DPV	13.20–377.0	7.17	tap water, hospital wastewater	[99]
SPCNTE			2.64–33.70	0.66
SPCNFE			1.98–33.70	0.66
SPGPHE			3.31–23.20	0.66
SPCE	IB		18.40–489.60	5.33
SPCNTE			9.21–155.10	2.91
SPCNFE			19.40–114.40	5.82
SPGPHE			30.50–86.30	9.21
SPCE	CF		24.70–480.0	7.21
SPCNTE			20.60–480.0	6.18
SPCNFE			61.80–330.0	2.06
SPGPHE			15.50–44.80	4.63
CB/SPCE	PA LVF	SWV	0.80–30.0 0.90–70.0	2.60 0.42	river water	[101]

PA–paracetamol; DF–diclofenac; IB–ibuprofen; CF–caffeine; LVF–levofloxacin; DPAdSV–differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry; PPA–pulsed potential accumulation; DPV–differential-pulse voltammetry; SWV–square-wave voltammetry; SPCE–screen-printed carbon electrode; SPCE/MWCNTs-COOH–carboxyl functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode; SPCNTE–screen-printed carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes; SPCE/CNFs (SPCNFE)–screen-printed carbon electrode modified with carbon nanofibers; SPGPHE–screen-printed graphene electrode; CB/SPCE–screen-printed carbon electrode modified with carbon black.