Table 3.

Summary of voltammetric procedures for painkillers residues determination at the electrochemically pretreated screen-printed electrodes or modified with polymer film in environmental water samples.

Electrode	Analyte	Method	Linear Range [µM]	LOD [µM]	Application	Ref.
aSPCE/SDS	DF PA TR	DPAdSV	0.001–0.2 0.05–20.0 0.01–0.2 0.2–2.0	0.00021 0.015	river water	[82]
electrochemically pretreated SPCE	PA HQ E2	DPV	0.5–10.0 0.5–10.0 0.5–10.0	0.22 0.19 0.89	tap water	[100]
electrochemically pretreated SPGE	IB	SWV	0.80–30.0	6.30	river water, wastewater	[104]
MIP/SPCE	DF	DPV	0.1–10	0.07	river water, tap water	[103]

PA–paracetamol; DF–diclofenac; HQ–hydroquinone; E2–estradiol; IB–ibuprofen; DPAdSV–differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry; DPV–differential-pulse voltammetry; SWV–square-wave voltammetry; aSPCE/SDS–activated screen-printed carbon electrode modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate; electrochemically pretreated SPCE–electrochemically pretreated screen-printed carbon electrode; electrochemically pretreated SPGE–electrochemically pretreated screen-printed graphite electrode; MIP/SPCE–screen-printed carbon electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymer.