Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of adolescents according to blood pressure groups based on office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
| Parameters | Blood pressure groups | p | ABPM groups | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal BP profile (N = 34) | WCHT (N = 33) | ABPM-HT (N = 19) | Normal day-time and night-time BP (N = 61) | Daytime or night-time HT (N = 13) | Sustained (daytime and night-time) HT (N = 12) | |||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Female/male, % / % | 44.1/55.9 | 54.5/45.5 | 52.6/47.4 | 0.672 | 42.5/47.5 | 61.5/38.5 | 25.0/75.0 | 0.147 |
| Age (years) | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 13.4 ± 0.7 | 13.2 ± 0.8 | 0.772 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 13.4 ± 0.7 | 13.1 ± 0.9 | 0.495 |
| Height-SDS | 0.39 ± 1.19 | 0.73 ± 0.81 | 0.64 ± 0.74 | 0.344 | 0.52 ± 1.06 | 0.75 ± 0.71 | 0.67 ± 0.76 | 0.692 |
| BMI-SDS | 0.51 ± 1.29a | 1.02 ± 1.12ab | 1.45 ± 1.10b | 0.019 | 0.65 ± 1.22a | 1.37 ± 0.82ab | 1.76 ± 1.17b | 0.005 |
| Obesity, % | 14.7 | 24.2 | 31.6 | 0.340 | 16.4 | 30.8 | 41.7 | 0.111 |
| Parental characteristics | ||||||||
| Mother’s age (years) | 41.2 ± 6.7 | 40.4 ± 6.3 | 40.4 ± 4.3 | 0.865 | 40.7 ± 6.1 | 42.3 ± 7.3 | 39.3 ± 4.2 | 0.478 |
| Father’s age (years) | 45.5 ± 7.2 | 46.6 ± 7.6 | 42.1 ± 3.9 | 0.088 | 45.1 ± 7.2 | 48.3 ± 6.2 | 42.0 ± 4.9 | 0.084 |
| Parental hypertension, % | 11.8 | 24.2 | 31.6 | 0.197 | 14.8a | 23.1ab | 50.0b | 0.023 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.2 ± 1.1 | 14.2 ± 0.9 | 13.9 ± 1.0 | 0.572 | 14.1 ± 1.0 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 14.0 ± 0.9 | 0.887 |
| White blood cell (×103/mm3) | 7.1 ± 1.8a | 7.4 ± 1.8a | 9.2 ± 2.9b | 0.002 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 3.0 | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 0.073 |
| Platelets (×103/mm3) | 272 ± 44a | 267 ± 65a | 318 ± 67b | 0.006 | 271 ± 58a | 287 ± 66ab | 320 ± 60b | 0.036 |
| Serum protein (g/dl) | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 7.7 ± 0.4 | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 0.051 | 7.6 ± 0.4 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 0.336 |
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 0.792 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 0.370 |
| Serum globulin (g/dl) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.104 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 0.246 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) | 11.8 ± 2.8 | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 11.2 ± 3.1 | 0.195 | 10.9 ± 2.8 | 12.6 ± 3.3 | 11.0 ± 2.4 | 0.163 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.56 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.127 | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.12 | 0.55 ± 0.07 | 0.787 |
| eGFR [Schwartz] (ml/min/1.73m2) | 121.4 ± 19.8 | 117.3 ± 19.0 | 128.0 ± 19.5 | 0.165 | 121.1 ± 20.1 | 121.6 ± 24.0 | 122.1 ± 12.1 | 0.986 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 0.564 | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 0.219 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.4 ± 1.0 | 138.8 ± 1.8 | 138.4 ± 1.5 | 0.066 | 139.0 ± 1.5 | 139.2 ± 1.2 | 138.2 ± 1.6 | 0.162 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 0.078 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 0.384 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 105.0 ± 1.8a | 103.8 ± 2.0b | 103.5 ± 2.2b | 0.016 | 104.5 ± 1.9 | 103.7 ± 1.7 | 103.3 ± 2.6 | 0.106 |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.9 ± 0.4ab | 9.7 ± 0.3a | 10.0 ± 0.4b | 0.026 | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 0.106 |
| ACCa (mg/dl) | 9.4 ± 0.3ab | 9.2 ± 0.3a | 9.5 ± 0.3b | 0.015 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 0.319 |
| Phosphate (mg/dl) | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 0.051 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 0.759 |
| ACCa-phosphate product (mg2/dl2) | 43.0 ± 6.0a | 39.5 ± 5.8b | 40.0 ± 5.8ab | 0.045 | 41.2 ± 6.1 | 40.8 ± 5.3 | 40.4 ± 6.8 | 0.925 |
| ACCa-phosphate ratio (mg/mg) | 2.01 (1.86–2.30) | 2.14 (1.94–2.39) | 2.25 (2.01–2.49) | 0.069 | 2.10 (1.90–2.36) | 2.12 (1.96–2.38) | 2.19 (1.93–2.53) | 0.661 |
| Magnesium (mg/dl) | 2.07 ± 0.12 (n = 31) | 2.04 ± 0.16 (n = 24) | 1.99 ± 0.16 (n = 12) | 0.297 | 2.05 ± 0.14 | 2.01 ± 0.17 | 2.03 ± 0.13 | 0.752 |
| UPCR (mg/mg) | 0.09 (0.07–0.12) | 0.08 (0.07–0.11) | 0.08 (0.07–0.10) | 0.450 | 0.08 (0.07–0.11) | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.09 (0.07–0.12) | 0.933 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 7.0 (3.2–18.4) | 6.0 (4.6–15.5) | 7.6 (5.2–14. 6) | 0.951 | 7.1 (4.0–15.8) | 6.1 (3.5–14.3) | 6.9 (4.8–26.9) | 0.751 |
| UBCR (μg/g) | 57.7 (25.8–73.8) | 58.5 (19.6–89.1) | 43.4 (21.7–60.1) | 0.430 | 57.9 (21.2–74.6) | 65.8 (32.9–93.7) | 42.2 (18.9–59.8) | 0.376 |
| Carotid IMT-SDS | 0.84 ± 1.26a | 1.73 ± 1.10b | 1.43 ± 0.95ab | 0.008 | 1.26 ± 1.27 | 1.67 ± 0.99 | 1.16 ± 0.92 | 0.499 |
| Carotid IMT-SDS ≥95 percentile, % | 24.2 | 53.1 | 38.9 | 0.057 | 38.3 | 38.5 | 40.0 | 0.995 |
Data are presented as % or mean ± standard deviation or median (Q1-Q3) as appropriate
abValues having different letter were statistically significant
ABPM ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, ACCa albumin-corrected calcium, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HT hypertension, IMT intima media thickness, SDS standard deviation score, UACR urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, UBCR urinary beta-2 microglobulin to creatinine ratio, UPCR urinary protein to creatinine ratio, WCHT white coat hypertension