Table 6.
Bivariate analyses of active headache disorders according to methodological aspects of studies
| Headache (183 studies) | Migraine (244 studies) | TTH (110 studies) | H15+ (59 studies) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlations | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
| Year of publication | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.30 | < 0.0005 | −0.03 | 0.8 | 0.20 | 0.14 | |
| Number (ln transformed) of participants | −0.27 | < 0.001 | −0.26 | < 0.001 | −0.17 | 0.07 | −0.33 | 0.01 | |
| Participating proportion (9 categories) | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.7 | −0.11 | 0.2 | −0.02 | 0.9 | |
| Age (mid-range value) (years) | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.13 | 0.2 | 0.14 | 0.3 | |
| Summed quality score | 0.03 | 0.7 | −0.02 | 0.8 | − 0.02 | 0.8 | 0.00 | 1.0 | |
| Means of reported prevalences (%) | Mean (SD, N) | Mean (SD, N) | p | Mean (SD, N) | p | Mean (SD, N) | p | ||
| Populationa | General/schools | 51.9 (22.7, 142) | 1.0 | 13.5 (8.4, 177) | 0.2 | 26.5 (17.0, 85) | 0.6 | 4.8 (3.1, 54) | 0.2 |
| Selected | 52.2 (22.7, 41) | 15.5 (11.1, 66) | 24.4 (21.1, 25) | 3.0 (2.1, 5) | |||||
| Health-care personnelb | No | 50.2 (25.4, 33) | 0.3 | 13.4 (9.1, 52) | 0.03 | 23.3 (22.9, 19) | 0.7 | 3.0 (2.1, 5) | – |
| Yes | 60.0 (22.9, 8) | 23.0 (14.7, 15) | 27.8 (15.2, 6) | – | |||||
| Sampling methodc | Random | 54.7 (23.2, 44) | 0.4 | 12.8 (8.1, 184) | 0.002 | 25.7 (18.6, 83) | 0.8 | 4.5 (3.2, 51) | 0.4 |
| Not random | 51.1 (23.1, 139) | 18.0 (11.4, 60) | 26.8 (16.0, 27) | 5.5 (2.1, 8) | |||||
| Mode of engagementd | Telephone/face-to face | 50.8 (23.6, 95) | 0.5 | 13.1 (8.8, 136) | 0.07 | 26.3 (18.7, 66) | 0.8 | 5.5 (3.5, 32) | 0.02 |
| Questionnaire | 53.2 (22.6, 88) | 15.3 (9.8, 108) | 25.5 (17.0, 44) | 3.6 (2.0, 27) | |||||
| Validation of diagnostic methode | Yes | 51.2 (24.3, 93) | 0.7 | 14.3 (10.3, 107) | 0.7 | 25.6 (18.0, 56) | 0.8 | 4.6 (3.2, 41) | 0.9 |
| No | 52.8 (22.1, 90) | 13.8 (8.5, 137) | 26.(18.0, 54) | 4.7 (2.6, 18) | |||||
| dMig and pMigf | Yes | 55.4 (20.8, 46) | 0.3 | 19.2 (9.9, 59) | < 0.001 | 27.6 (15.9, 41) | 0.5 | 5.6 (3.9, 22) | 0.1 |
| No | 50.8 (23.9, 137) | 12.4 (8.5, 185) | 25.0 (19.1, 69) | 4.1 (2.2, 37) | |||||
| dTTH and pTTHg | Yes | 61.5 (17.8, 29) | 0.02 | 20.0 (10.3, 32) | < 0.001 | 29.5 (13.7, 33) | 0.2 | 6.2 (4.1, 18) | 0.04 |
| No | 50.2 (23.7, 154) | 13.1 (8.8, 212) | 24.5 (19.4, 77) | 3.9 (2.2,41) | |||||
| Number of conditionsh | Only headaches | 52.9 (23.0, 173) | 0.02 | 14.3 (9.3, 235) | 0.04 | 26.0 (18.0, 110) | – | 4.6 (3.0, 59) | – |
| Including other conditions | 35.2 (20.4, 10) | 7.8 (5.6, 9) | – | ||||||
| Type of screening question | Neutral | 61.8 (22.0, 58) | < 0.0005 | 17.1 (9.3, 65) | 0.006 | 31.9 (22.5, 42) | 0.02 | 5.0 (2.1, 24) | 0.8 |
| Unknown | 50.8 (23.7, 71) | 12.9 (10.0, 111) | 23.0 (14.2, 41) | 4.3 (2.4, 16) | |||||
| Severity qualification | 41.8 (19.1, 52) | 12.7 (6.6, 66) | 20.9 (12.1, 26) | 4.4 (4.5, 18) | |||||
TTH tension-type headache, H15+ headache on ≥15 days/month, r Pearson’s r, p two-tailed p-value (Pearson’s r, independent-samples Student’s t-test, or one-way ANOVA for screening question), SD standard deviation, N number of studies
aGeneral population, community-based sample or obligatory schools versus selected populations (among workplace employees, college students, health-plan members etc)
bAmong selected populations: medical students, hospital staff or neurologists versus other selected populations
cRandom sampling versus non-random sampling or failure to obtain random sample
dTelephone or face-to face interview versus self-administered questionnaire or not specified
eEffort at validating versus none or unstipulated
fStudies distinguishing between dMig and pMig and reporting both versus those not
gStudies distinguishing between dTTH and pTTH and reporting both versus those not
hStudies restricted to headache (or migraine, TTH etc) versus studies investigating multiple other disorders (neurological, other pain conditions etc)