Table 3.

Innovation of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles in the treatment of diabetes.

Innovation points	Advantage	Particle size (nm)	Content (%)	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Ref
Calcium ions were added into chitosan/ alginate nanoparticles to form microspheres	Protect insulin	194.25 ± 51.25	11.45	23.70	(Li et al., 2021)
Stearic acid and alginate form alginate stearic acid nanopartic-les (ASAN), then cross-linked with oleic acid modified chitosan	Improve the encapsulation of insulin	618.87 ± 6.57	6.44	76.69	(Alfatama et al., 2018)
Alginate combined with C-18 to form alginate-c18 conjugate nanoparticles (AC18N), then cross-linked with oleic acid modified chitosan	Reduce its toxicity and enhance mucus penetration and intracellular transport	522.50 ± 66.47	3.77	44.87	(Alfatama et al., 2018)
Polyalacturonic acid (PGLA), chitosan, and alginate NPs	Avoid intestinal degradation caused by pH sensitivity and improves the overall blood sugar lowering effect	225 ± 75	34.13	35.56	(Zhang et al., 2018)
Bichitosan/albumin coated alginate /dextran sulfate nanoparticles	Improve mucosal adhesion efficiency and insulin permeability	313.2 ± 2.8	10.10	72.40	(Lopes et al., 2016)
Calcium phosphate is the core of nanoparticles, Vitamin B12 grafted Chitosan and sodium alginate used as cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte, respectively.	Enhance NPs uptake	212.6 ± 6.38	7.83	75.16	(Verma et al., 2016)