TABLE 2. Reasons for retraction and withdrawal of COVID-19 and human influenza papers published during 2020 (data to 30 April 2021).

	COVID-19	COVID-19 and FLU	FLU
Duplication/plagiarism or self-plagiarism	14	0	0
Accidental duplication	9	0	0
Early publication with errors in content, analysis, or methodology	8	0	0
Other misconduct: data not authorized, lack of conflict-of-interest declaration, lack of informed consent	6	0	0
Data falsification or lack of confidence in the data	5	0	1
Fraudulent peer review	2	0	0
Not explained	38	5	0
Total	82	5	1

Note: FLU, human influenza.

Source: Prepared by the authors from the study results.