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. 2021 Dec 28;106(2):291–315. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab242

Table 3.

Maturation and competence of oocytes derived from cultured follicles in nonhuman primates

Species Age Initial follicle stage and isolation method Culture system and interval Basal media, supplement and O2 level Oocyte assessment and outcomes References
Olive baboon 9–16 years Multilayer preantral;
Liberase and DNase		 Fibrin-0.25% (w/v) alginate-matrigel embedded individual culture for 14 days followed by 48-h IVM αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
No rhFSH;
No O2 control		 2/16 MIIs with typical spindle structure by immunofluorescence [56]
Rhesus macaque 6.4 years in average Small antral;
Mechanical		 Individual culture without or with 0.25% (w/v) alginate-embedding for 34 h αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
220 mIU/ml rhFSH, without or with 200 IU/ml hCG;
No O2 control		 -Alginate/-hCG: 4/27 MIIs, −alginate/+hCG: 14/41 MIIs, and + alginate/+hCG: 4/11 MIIs by light microscopy [57]
  4–9 years Multilayer preantral;
Mechanical		 Individual culture in media droplets covered with oil for 14 days followed by IVM αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
200 mIU/ml rhFSH, 100 or 200 mIU/ml rhLH;
No O2 control		 2/24 MIIs by light microscopy [58]
  5–10 years Secondary;
Collagenase and DNase		 0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 40 days followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
0.3 (low) or 15 (high) ng/ml rhFSH;
No O2 control or 5% O2 		High rhFSH/5% O2: 1/25 MII with typical spindle structure by immunofluorescence;
Low rhFSH/5% O2: 1/8 MII developed to a 2-cell embryo after ICSI;
Low rhFSH/no O2 control: 1 MII by light microscopy		 [59]
  7–14 years Secondary and primary;
Mechanical		 Secondary: 0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 5 weeks, and primary: fibrin-0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 13 weeks followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
3 ng/ml rhFSH;
5% O2 		Secondary: 1/15 MII developed to the morula stage after ICSI;
Primary: 1/5 MII formed a zygote after ICSI		 [60]
  7 years Secondary;
Mechanical		 0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 5 weeks followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
3 ng/ml rhFSH in week 0–3 followed by 0.3 ng/ml in week 4–5;
5% O2 		2/22 MIIs developed to the morula stage after IVF [61]
  Reproductive age Secondary;
Mechanical		 0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 40 days followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
3 ng/ml rhFSH in Days 0–20 followed by 0.3 ng/ml in Days 21–40, without or without androgen modulation;
5% O2 		-Androgen modulation: 4/49 MIIs with 2 formed zygotes and 1 developed to the morula stage after IVF;
TRL steroid depletion+50 ng/ml T: 1/13 MII, and TRL steroid depletion+50 ng/ml DHT: 1/13 MII formed a zygote after IVF		 [62]
  9.5 ± 2.1 years Secondary;
Mechanical		 0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 5 weeks followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 0.5 μg/ml insulin;
3 ng/ml/100 mIU rhFSH in week 0–3 followed by 0.3 ng/ml in week 4–5, without or without estrogen modulation;
5% O2 		-Estrogen modulation: 1/13 MII, and TRL steroid depletion+100 ng/ml E2: 1/14 MII developed to the morula stage after IVF [63]
  6–14 years Secondary;
Mechanical		 0.15% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 5 weeks followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
1 ng/ml rhFSH, 25 pg/ml VD3 in weeks 3–5;
5% O2 		1/22 MII by light microscopy [64]
  7–13 years Secondary;
Mechanical		 Individual culture in 96-well round-bottom ultra-low attachment plate for 5 weeks followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
1 ng/ml rhFSH, without or with 100 ng/ml rhAMH in week 0–2;
No O2 control		 -rhAMH: 1/14 MII, and + rhAMH: 2/19 MIIs developed to the morula stage after IVF [65]
  Reproductive age Secondary;
Mechanical		 0.25% (w/v) alginate embedded individual culture for 40 days followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
1 ng/ml rhFSH, 120 ng/ml AMH-Ab in week 3–5;
5% O2 		1/10 MII developed to an 8-cell embryo after IVF [68]
  6–10 years Secondary and primary;
Mechanical		 Secondary: individual culture in 96-well round-bottom ultra-low attachment plate for 5 weeks, and primary: group culture in 96-well round-bottom ultra-low attachment plate for 7 weeks followed by 34-h 100 ng/ml hCG treatment αMEM, 5 μg/ml insulin;
1 ng/ml rhFSH, primary: 100 ng/ml rhAMH in week 0–5 and secondary: without or with AMH modulation;
No O2 control		 Secondary/-rhAMH modulation: 2/16 MIIs developed to the morula stage after ICSI;
Secondary/+rhAMH in week 0–3 + AMH-Ab in week 4–5: 10/36 MIIs with 9 developed to the morula stage and 1 developed to the blastocyst stage after ICSI;
Primary: 2/34 MII developed to the morula stage after IVF		 [66]

AMH, anti-Müllerian hormone; AMH-Ab, neutralizing anti-human anti-Müllerian hormone antibody; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; DNase, deoxyribonuclease; E2, estradiol; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF, in vitro fertilization; IVM, in vitro maturation; αMEM, alpha minimum essential medium; MII, metaphase II; O2, oxygen; rhAMH, anti-Müllerian hormone; rhFSH, human recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone; rhLH, human recombinant luteinizing hormone; T, testosterone; TRL, trilostane; VD3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.