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Effect of choline treatment on proinflammatory factors in cardiac tissue. (a–c) IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were measured in cardiac tissue; n = 6. (d) Immunofluorescence of IL-6 in cardiac tissue; bar = 50 μm. (e) Quantitative analysis of the fold change in IL-6; n = 4. ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, and∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
