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. 2022 Apr 12;8:196. doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-00968-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — RAD18 enhances TNBC cell stemness through the Hippo-YAP pathway. A RAD18 was significantly positive correlated with YAP in TNBC according to Timer software (rho = 0.465, p = 1.16e-11). B Knockdown of RAD18 reduced the mRNA level of YAP through qRT-PCR. C Western blot analysis of the expression levels of Hippo-YAP pathway proteins including MST1/2, LATS1, p-LATS1, p-YAP S127, YAP (in total, cytoplasm and nucleus) in shNC and shRAD18 TNBC cell lines. GAPDH levels served as a loading control. D Representative fluorescence confocal microscopy images analyzing the YAP (red) expression in shNC and shRAD18 groups as indicated. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). E–G The tumor sphere forming (E), stemness-related proteins levels (F), and CD44+/CD24− population percentages (G) in the shNC groups treated with verteporfin for 24 h and the shNC/shRAD18 groups treated with YAP overexpression plasmid were performed to determine cell stemness. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. All experiments were performed independently at least three times.