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. 2021 Dec 29;51(6):1485–1503. doi: 10.1007/s13280-021-01684-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Species have different home ranges based on active migrations and therefore require different sizes and placements of MPAs. MPAs often need to be larger than the species home range to protect adult individuals. The figure illustrates home ranges for some key species found in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerrak, for which dispersal distances are known. Species in each home range category are listed from top to bottom: < 1 km Cancer pagurus, Littorina fabalis, Labrus bergylta, Fucus vesiculosus, Homarus gammarus; < 10 km Esox lucius Abramis brama; < 20 km Sander lucioperca, Perca fluviatilis, Gymnocephalus cernuus; < 50 km Zoarces viviparus, Scophthalmus maximus, Coregonus maraena (sea-spawning); < 200 km Platichthys flesus, Solea solea, Platichthys solemdali, Clupea harengus; > 200 km, Salmo salar, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Anguilla anguilla, Pleuronectes platessa, Scomber scombrus, Salmo trutta and Gadus morhua. Figure adapted from Green et al. (2014). Illustrations used with permission from ArtDatabanken, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences