Table 3.
Reported data for Baltic Sea surface water on substances from the group of pharmaceuticals, UV filters, estrogens/estrogenic activity, PFAS, polar pesticides, and algal toxins. Data are listed as single concentrations, concentration ranges, or maximum analyzed concentration. CMD, Chloridazon-methyl-desphenyl; 2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid; FOSA, Perfluoroctylsulfonamide; FOSAA, 2-(Perfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetic acid; 6:2 FTSA, 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate; HFPO-DA, 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3- 53 heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid; MCPA, 4-Chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy acetic acid; PFBA, Perfluorobutanoic acid; PFBS, Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFDA, Perfluorodecanoic acid; PFDoDA, Perfluorododecanoic acid; PFECHS, Potassium perfluoro-4-exthylcyclohexanesulfonate; PFHpA, Perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFHxA, Perfluorohexanoic acid; PFHxS, Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFNA, Perfluorononanoic acid; PFPA, Perfluorophosphonic acid; PFPeA, Perfluoropentanoic acid; PFTeDA, Perfluorotetradecanoic acid; PFUnDA, Perfluoroundecanoic acid; SPE, Solid phase extraction; LC, Liquid chromatography; ESI, Electrospray ionization ; MS, Mass spectrometry
| Compound class | Analysis method | Method details | Concentrations of analyzed substances (ng/L) | Baltic Sea area | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmaceuticals | Chemical | SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | Atenolol: ≤ 13, carbamazepine: ≤ 157, cetirizine: ≤ 13, clarithromycin: ≤ 14, diclofenac: ≤ 9.2, ibuprofen: ≤ 109, iohexol: ≤ 861, iomeprol: ≤ 1159, iopamidol: ≤ 1027, iopromide: ≤ 109, loratadine: ≤ 4.1, metoprolol: ≤ 158, paracetamol: ≤ 48, phenazone: ≤ 5.9, roxithromycin: ≤ 16, sotalol: ≤ 65, SMX: ≤ 42 | German Baltic Sea coastline | 2009 | Nödler et al. (2014) |
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | Trimethoprim: 0.6, sulfadimethoxine: 0.7 | Gulf of Gdansk | 2011, 2012 | Borecka et al. (2013) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | Trimethoprim: 1.4–2.2, SMX: 5.4–18.0, sulfadimethoxine: 0.5–1.0 | Gulf of Gdansk | 2012 | Borecka et al. (2015) | ||
| Trimethoprim: ≤ 1.6 | Pomeranian Bight | |||||
| Trimethoprim: 2.8 | Gdansk Deep | |||||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS, LC–ESI-Qtrap | Carbamazepine: 0.5–12.2, clofibric acid: < 0.4, diclofenac: < 27.1, oxazepam: < 1.8, primidone: 1.1–5.8, metoprolol: 0.09–0.8 | Baltic Sea | 2001–2014 | Fisch et al. (2021) | ||
| Information not provided | Diclofenac: ≤ 54, ibuprofen: ≤ 158, naproxen: ≤ 14, phenazone: ≤ 504, paracetamol: ≤ 36, tramadol: ≤ 1.6, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin: ≤ 0.27, SMX: ≤ 33, metaprolol: ≤ 55, bisoprolol: ≤ 128, sotalol: ≤ 24, carbamazepine: ≤ 73, oxazepam: ≤ 1.9, primidone: ≤ 5.8, salicylic acid: ≤ 14, 17β-estradiol: ≤ 1.1, clofibric acid: ≤ 0.4 | Samples from entire Baltic Sea area | 2003–2014 | UNESCO and HELCOM (2017) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | SMX: ca.1.5, salicylic acid: ca. 11 | German Baltic Sea coastline | 2015 | Fisch et al. (2017) | ||
| UV filters | Chemical | SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | PBSA: ≤ 3.4 | Baltic Sea | 2014 | Orlikowska et al. (2015) |
| PBSA: ≤ 170, BP-1: ≤ 2.5, BP-4: ≤ 226 | German Baltic Sea coastline | |||||
| PBSA: ca. 2–10, octocrylene: ca. 8–31 | German Baltic Sea coastline | 2015 | Fisch et al. (2017) | |||
| Estrogens and estrogenic compounds | Effect-based | SPE, YES | EEQ: 0.22 | Darss Peninsula | 2003 | Beck et al. (2006a) |
| EEQ: 0.31 | Salzhaff | |||||
| Chemical | SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | E1: 0.16–0.33, EE2: ≤ 2.1 | Outer Wismar Bay | 2003–2004 | Beck et al. (2005) | |
| E1: 0.10–0.25, EE2: 1.7–2.5 | Darss Peninsula | |||||
| E1: 0.27–0.34, EE2: 1.7–2.9 | Salzhaff | |||||
| Effect-based | SPE, A-YES | EEQ: ≤ 0.11 | Western Baltic Sea | 2016–2018 | Deich et al. (2020) | |
| EEQ: ≤ 0.38 | German coastal Baltic Sea | |||||
| Polar pesticides and metabolites | Chemical | SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | Atrazine: ≤ 2.1, desethylatrazine: ≤ 2.0, terbuthylazine: ≤ 7.2 | German Baltic Sea coastline | 2009–2010 | Nödler et al. (2013) |
| Desethylatrazine: ≤ 2.2, diuron: ≤ 131, isoproturon: ≤ 7.2, mecoprop: ≤ 18 | German Baltic Sea coastline | 2009 | Nödler et al. (2014) | |||
| Atrazine: ≤ 2.6, simazine: ≤ 3.5, terbuthylazine: ≤ 3.8, chloridazon: ≤ 7.4, CMD: ≤ 8.9, chlorotoluron: ≤ 2.7, diuron: 2.9, isoproturon: 6.6, bentazone: 1.1, 2,4–D: ≤ 3.2, metazachlor: ≤ 2.5 | Baltic Sea | 2014 | Orlikowska et al. (2015) | |||
| Atrazine: ≤ 7.6, simazine: ≤ 5.8, terbuthylazine: ≤ 1111, terbutryn: ≤ 10.5, irgarol: ≤ 1.9, desisopropylatrazine: ≤ 4.6, desethylathrazine: ≤ 2.5, chloridazon: ≤ 126, CMD: ≤ 32.9, chlorotoluron: ≤ 136, diuron: 107, isoproturon: 60.7, bentazone: 221, 2,4–D: ≤ 19.6, MCPA: ≤ 36.3, mecoprop: ≤ 9.7, metazachlor: ≤ 27 | German Baltic Sea coastline | |||||
| CMD: 1.4–8.9, isoproturon: ≤ 7.2, chloridazon: 2.1–6.9, bentazon: ≤ 1.1 | German coastal Baltic Sea | 2012–2104 | Skeff et al. (2017) | |||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS, LC–ESI-Qtrap | Chlorotoluron: 0.03–6.8, diuron: 0.3–20.2, fenuron: ≤ 0.9, isoproturon: 0.04–17.8, linuron: ≤ 0.4, monolinuron: ≤ 0.04, 2,4-D: 0.2–85.3, dichlorprop: ≤ 2.6, MCPA: 0.1–2.6, mecoprop: ≤ 2.0, malathion: ≤ 0.3, ametryn: ≤ 0.1, atrazine: 1.0–26.0, desethylatrazine: 0.6–1.8, diazinon: ≤ 0.2, hexazinone: 0.04–0.4, irgarol: ≤ 4.9, prometryn: 0.1–0.9, propazine: 0.08–0.3, simazine: 0.9–4.3, terbuthylazine: 0.2–5.2, terbutryn: 0.01–0.6, chloridazone: 1.4–5.3, metazachlor: 0.01–8.9, methabenzthiazuron: 0.01–0.1, metolachlor: ≤ 1.5, pendimethalin: ≤ 1.1 | Baltic Sea | 2001–2014 | Fisch et al. (2021) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | glyphosate: ≤ 1.22, aminomethylphosphonic acid: ≤ 1.42 | Baltic Sea | 2019 | Wirth et al. (2021) | ||
| PFAS | Chemical | SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | PFOA: 0.47–0.89, PFOS: 0.33–0.58 | Western Baltic Sea | 2004–2005 | Theobald et al. (2011) |
| PFOA: 1.1, PFOS: 0.9 | Pomeranian Bight | |||||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | PFBA: ≤ 0.44, PFPA: ≤ 0.12, PFHxA: 0.12–0.27, PFHpA: 0.06–0.26, PFOA: 0.25–4.55, PFNA: 0.10–0.42, PFBS: 0.26–0.88, PFHxS: ≤ 0.61, PFOS: ≤ 0.35, FOSA: ≤ 0.46 | Baltic Sea | 2007 | Ahrens et al. (2010) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | PFBS: ≤ 0.76, PFHxS: ≤ 0.23, PFOS: 0.04–0.39, PFPA: ≤ 0.18, PFHxA: 0.09–0.29, PFHpA: ≤ 0.2, PFOA: 0.12–0.78, PFNA: 0.09–0.85, PFDA: ≤ 0.15, PFDoDA: ≤ 0.3 | Baltic Sea | 2008 | Kirchgeorg et al. (2010) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | PFBA: 0.34–0.67, PFHpA: 0.61–1.0, PFOA: 0.21–1.3, PFNA: 0.14–5.7, PFDA: 0.045–0.83, PFDoDA: 0.045, PFTeDA: 0.016–0.072, PFBS: 0.062–0.57, PFHxS: 0.11–1.7, PFOS: 0.11–2.5, FOSAA: 0.061, FOSA: 0.019–0.051 | Baltic Sea | 2013 | Nguyen et al. (2017) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS, LC–ESI-Qtrap | PFBS: < 0.2, PFHxA: 0.04–0.4, PFHpA: 0.1–0.4, PFHxS: 0.06–0.3, PFNA: 0.07–0.3, PFOA: 0.3–1.0, PFOS: 0.1–0.8, PFDoDA: < 0.07, FOSA: < 0.007 | Baltic Sea | 2001–2014 | Fisch et al. (2021) | ||
| SPE, LC–ESI–MSMS | HFPO-DA: ≤ 0.082, PFECHS: ≤ 0.14, PFBA: 0.33–0.99, PFPeA: ≤ 0.75, PFHxA: 0.22–0.84, PFHpA: ≤ 0.38, PFOA: 0.20–0.70, PFNA: ≤ 0.21, PFDA: ≤ 0.047, PFBS: ≤ 0.43, PFHxS: ≤ 0.48, L-PFOS: ≤ 0.082, Br-PFOS: 0.029–0.098, 6:2 FTSA: ≤ 0.93, L-FOSA: ≤ 0.0064, Br-FOSA: ≤ 0.0064 | German Baltic Sea coastline | 2017 | Joerss et al., 2019 | ||
| Algal toxins | Chemical | SPE, LC–UV | Extracellular nodularin: 90–18 000 µg/L | Gulf of Gdansk | 2001–2002 | Mazur and Plinski (2003) |