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. 2022 Apr 12;12:6074. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10000-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantitative phase velocimetry (QPV) measures intracellular dry mass movement. (a) Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) measures the phase shift of light passing through a cell, which is used to compute the dry mass distribution in cells over time. (b) Dry mass distribution in RPE cell imaged at 120X magnification, at t = 0 min. The scalebar indicates 10 µm length. (c) The difference in QPI mass distribution of the RPE cell in (b) from an image taken at t = 10 min later minus the image at 0 min reveals cell motion. The inset in (c) shows a 15 × 15 pixel interrogation window that illustrates the change in position of an individual subcellular feature from the position marked with a red arrow to the position marked with a black arrow. The color scale shows dry mass difference between frame at time 0 and 10 min (red: large increase in mass, blue: large decrease in mass). (d) The resulting intracellular biomass velocity field computed using quantitative phase velocimetry (QPV). Velocity magnitude indicated with a 0.5 µm/min scalebar.