TABLE 2.

Comparison of various palaeoneurological traits in selected Palaeozoic amniotes

	Varanopidae	Biarmosuchia	Dinocephalia	Anomodontia	Gorgonopsia	Youngina
Pontine flexure	None	Strong	Strong	Slight	Slight	‐‐‐
Cephalic flexure	None	Strong	Slight	Slight	Slight	‐‐‐
Olfactory tracts	Long	Long	Short	Short	Short	‐‐‐
Flocculus	Large	Moderate	Small	Moderate	Moderate	‐‐‐
Medial wall of otic capsule	Mostly ossified	Mostly ossified	Mostly ossified	Partly ossified	Partly ossified	Unossified
Vestibule	Short, round	Short, thin	Long, straight	Long, curved	Long, straight	Short, straight
Cochlear recess	None	Putative	None	None	None	None
Ampullae	Prominent	Prominent	Inconspicuous	Inconspicuous	Inconspicuous	Inconspicuous

Dashed lines indicate taxa whose states are unknown or undescribed for a given trait. Traits for varanopids are described here; traits for other clades are from Gardner et al. (2010), Laaß (2015a), Benoit et al. (2017a‐c), Araújo et al. (2017, 2018), and Bendel et al. (2018).