Table 2.

Therapies used for immune adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Drug	Mechanism of action	Efficacy in reversing irAE	Effect on tumor response	Clinical trial
Glucocorticoids	Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive	First line therapy for most ICI-induced irAEs Not effective for reversing endocrinopathies	Some studies suggest that response rates and survival are not affected by low doses of glucocorticoids (223, 224, 230), whereas others (122, 231–235) show negative impact of high doses. In vitro experiments data suggest negative impact of high dose glucocorticoids on anti-tumor effects of T cells (236).
Infliximab	Anti-TNF-α mAb	Colitis (16).	Controversial results on the net effect of TNF-α inhibition on tumorigenesis (237–240). In murine models, prophylactic TNF-α inhibition eliminated ICI-induced colitis without affecting anti-tumor response (241).	NCT05034536: Comparison of pembrolizumab + infliximab versus pembrolizumab + placebo in patients with melanoma. NCT03293784: Comparison of infliximab or certolizumab + nivolumab + ipilimumab in patients with melanoma. NCT04407247: Comparison of vedolizumab versus infliximab for clinical remission/response of ICI-associated diarrhea/colitis.