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. 2022 Apr 12;12(4):e802. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.802

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Altered CD4+ T‐lymphocyte maturation phenotype and markers of T‐cell activation, senescence and exhaustion in patients with acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. (A) Bar graphs representing the percentage of total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (left panel); ratio between CD4+ and CD8+ (middle panel); and, CD4:CD8 ratio in TEMRA T‐cell subset (right panel). Pie graphs show medians of each CD4+ T‐cell subset in acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infected individual (acute) and healthy donor (HD) groups. Each subset from both groups were compared. Next bar graphs together with the representative dot‐plots of each group mentioned above show the expression of each biomarker: (B) HLA‐DR+CD38+ (activation marker); (C) CD57+CD28‐ (immune senescence marker); (D) PD‐1+; (E) TIGIT+ and (F) PD‐1+TIGIT+ T‐cells (exhaustion markers). Total memory T‐cell subset includes central memory T‐cells (CM), effector memory T‐cells (EM) and terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA) subsets. The medians with the interquartile ranges are shown. For dot‐plots, green points are positive events of each biomarker. ROUT method was utilised to identify and discard outliers. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used for groups’ comparisons and Spearman test for non‐parametric correlations. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test or the Fisher's exact test. (Acute, n = 37; HD, n = 33)