Table 2. Effects of Home-Based, Walking Exercise Behavior Change Intervention on Primary and Secondary Outcomes at 3-Month or 6-Month Follow-up.
| Walking exercise behavior change intervention | Usual care | Walking exercise behavior change vs usual care | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) [No.]a | Within-group change, mean (95% CI)b | Mean (SD) [No.]a | Within-group change, mean (95% CI)b | Adjusted between-group difference, mean (95% CI)c | P value | |||
| Baseline (n = 95) | 3-mo follow-up | Baseline (n = 95) | 3-mo follow-up | |||||
| Primary outcome | ||||||||
| 6-min walk distance, md | 352.9 (87.1) | 380.6 (87.7) [74] | 22.3 (0.5 to 44.2) | 369.8 (77.8) | 372.1 (77.3) [74] | 9.2 (−15.2 to 33.6) | 16.7 (4.2 to 29.2) | .009 |
| Secondary outcomes | Baseline | 6-mo follow-up | Baseline | 6-mo follow-up | ||||
| Walking Estimated Limitation Calculated by History scoree | 18.0 (12.6) [94] | 27.8 (18.5) [71] | 6.6 (2.4 to 10.8) | 20.7 (13.9) | 20.7 (14.2) [72] | −1.4 (−4.8 to 2.1) | 7.4 (2.5 to 12.3) | .003 |
| Self-Reported Maximum Walking Distance test, mf | 199 (241) | 586 (1430) [83] | 378 (72 to 685) | 275 (549) | 305 (588) [83] | 71 (−44 to 185) | 104 (−56 to 264) | .20 |
| Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living scoreg | 51.3 (15.7) | 56.3 (13.1) [74] | −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.2) | 54.3 (11.0) | 58.4 (8.5) [73] | −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.3) | −1.4 (−4.4 to 1.6) | .37 |
| Vascular Quality of Life Questionnaire-6 scoreh | 13.3 (3.5) [94] | 15.2 (3.9) [83] | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.2) | 13.9 (3.1) | 14.6 (3.9) [82] | 0.8 (0.1 to 1.6) | 0.5 (−0.5 to 1.5) | .33 |
| Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire scorei | 45.7 (11.5) | 38.9 (11.3) [72] | −4.3 (−6.9 to −1.7) | 44.0 (10.1) | 45.8 (12.2) [73] | 2.0 (−0.2 to 4.2) | −6.6 (−9.9 to −3.4) | <.001 |
| Attitude scorej | 14.7 (3.1) | 15.4 (3.7) [70] | 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.7) | 14.6 (3.4) | 13.9 (3.6) [72] | −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.2) | 1.4 (0.3 to 2.5) | .02 |
| Subjective norms scorej | 16.2 (4.9) | 16.7 (4.9) [69] | −0.0 (−1.3 to 1.2) | 15.8 (4.6) | 16.0 (4.4) [72] | 0.0 (−1.0 to 1.0) | 0.3 (−1.1 to 1.7) | .67 |
| Perceived behavioral control scorej | 17.5 (3.7) | 16.8 (3.4) [70] | −0.8 (−1.8 to 0.3) | 17.0 (3.8) | 16.8 (3.9) [72] | −0.2 (−1.2 to 0.9) | −0.2 (−1.4 to 1.0) | .78 |
| Intention scorej | 19.3 (2.8) | 18.0 (3.5) [70] | −1.1 (−2.1 to −0.1) | 19.0 (2.6) | 18.3 (3.7) [72] | −0.8 (−1.7 to 0.1) | −0.3 (−1.5 to 0.9) | .64 |
| Action planning scorek | 2.5 (1.2) | 3.0 (0.9) [70] | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.7) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.0) [72] | 0.4 (0.1 to 0. 7) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | .16 |
| Action control scorek | 2.4 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.8) [70] | 0.7 (0.4 to 0.9) | 2.4 (1.0) | 3.0 (0.8) [71] | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | .36 |
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire, MET min/wkl | 2846 (6359) | 2764 (4198) [82] | −57 (−877 to 992) | 2615 (5903) | 2599 (5534) [82] | −110 (−599 to 819) | −2.0 (−1034 to 1029) | >.99 |
Abbreviation: MET min/wk, metabolic equivalent of task-minutes/week.
a
No. of participants (shown in brackets) may differ in some rows.
b
Within-group difference includes only participants with values at baseline and at 3 or 6 months (as appropriate), whereas baseline values include all participants.
c
Multiple regression using complete cases with baseline value, trial randomization group, and center as covariates; generalized linear model with same covariates was used for nonnormal outcomes.
d
See footnote h in Table 1.
e
See footnote i in Table 1.
f
See footnote j in Table 1.
g
See footnote k in Table 1.
h
See footnote l in Table 1.
i
See footnote m in Table 1.
j
See footnote n in Table 1.
k
See footnote o in Table 1.
l
See footnote p in Table 1.