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. 2022 Mar 30;13:792794. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.792794

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Copyright © 2022 Louisa, Patintingan and Wardhani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed mechanism of actions of Moringa oleifera extracts or its isolated compounds for the treatment of cardiometabolic-related disorders. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of MO are mainly responsible for its action in hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. MO upregulates Nrf2, which resulted in the increased transcription of antioxidative and cytoprotective genes. Further, the process increases anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, MO provides its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-kB protein and its translocation to the nucleus, which resulted in downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes. Suppressive effects of MO to NF-kB can be resulted from direct downregulation in NF-kB or indirect effect due to the change in intestinal tissue integrity and gut microbiome composition and functions. Abbreviation: MO, Moringa oleifera; Ang-II, Angiotensin II; AT1, Angiotensin 1; CAT, catalase; HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; IKKα, Inhibitory kB kinase alpha; IKKβ, Inhibitory kB kinase beta; IRAK, Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein; MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response protein; NOX, NADPH-oxidase; NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase; Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, sodium dismutase; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha.