Table 2.

Studies reporting associations between IPV during pregnancy and child health (with adjustment of confounders)

Author and year	Country	Sample size (n) and setting	Outcome	Association with outcome
Prospective cohort studies
Dolatian, Mahmoodi [28]	Iran	400	Birthweight	IPV has indirect effect on birthweight in the path analysis of the model: B= − 0.016
Nguyen, Ngo [29]	Vietnam	1,276	Low birthweight and gestational age	• Physical IPV significantly associated with higher odd of preterm birth: aOR = 5.5 (2.1–14.1). • Physical IPV significantly associated with higher odd of low birth weight: aOR = 5.7 (2.2–14.9).
Ribeiro, Batista [30]	Brazil	1,146	Breastfeeding	The higher HR of not being breastfed within the first year of life was significantly associated with: • Violence (by partners/family members) before/during pregnancy increased: HR = 1.39 (1.03–1.88) • Recurrent physical/emotional/sexual violence during pregnancy: HR = 1.46 (1.11–1.92)
Cross sectional studies
Laelago, Belachew [37]	Ethiopia	183 Inpatient	Low birth weight	All IPV: aOR = 14.3 (5.1–40.7)
Lobato, Reichenheim [8]	Brazil	810 Outpatient	Intrauterine growth restriction	Psychological IPV: aOR = 1.15 (1.07–1.23)
Kana, Safiyan [36]	Nigeria	293 Outpatient	Low birth weight	Physical, psychological and sexual IPV were all significantly associated to higher risk.
Case control study
Wondimye, Bezatu [45]	Ethiopia	103 cases and 412 controls Community-based	Neonatal mortality	• Sexual violence during pregnancy increased the risk of outcome: aOR = 3.20 (1.09–9.33). • Psychological and physical violence during pregnancy were not significantly associated.

aOR adjusted odd ratio, HR hazard ratio. The range of aOR or HR in the parenthesis in the 95% CI of the aOR or HR