Table 3.
Studies on the impact of social support on IPV during pregnancy (with adjustment of confounders)
| Author and year | Country | Sample size (n) and setting | Outcome | Association with risk of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quasi-experimental study | ||||
| Bhushan, Krupp [44] |
India, community - based |
480 Quasi-experimental study |
Antenatal anxiety |
Home visit or accompaniment to antenatal care by ASHAa significantly associated with lower odds of outcome. • Home visits: aPR = 0.90 (0.76–0.98). • Accompaniment to antenatal care: aPR = 0.86 (0.78–0.95). |
| Cross sectional and other studies | ||||
| Manongi, Rogathi [38] |
Tanzania, outpatient |
1,116 Cross sectional |
Antenatal depression | Emotional support from outside family significantly associated with higher odd of outcome: [aOR = 2.25 (1.26, 4.02)] compared with emotional support from inside family. |
| Woldetensay, Belachew [46] | Ethiopia |
4,680 Community – based Baseline data from a prospective, quasi-experimental cohort study |
Antenatal depressive symptoms | Poor social support from friends, families and husband significantly associated with higher odds of outcome: aOR = 1.63 (1.31–2.02). |
| Nguyen, Ngo [41] | Vietnam |
1309 Community – based Cross-sectional study nested within a larger prospective cohort study |
IPV during pregnancy |
Lack of social support significantly associated with higher odds of: • One - time IPV: aOR = 3.1 (2.4–3.9). • Multiple times: aOR = 2.9 (2.2–3.8). |
| Nasreen, Rahman [40] |
Malaysia, outpatient |
904 Cross sectional |
Antenatal depression and anxiety |
Moderate support [aOR = 0.16 (0.03–0.73)] and high support [aOR = 0.13 (0.03–0.59)] significantly associated with lower odds of depression. Anxiety: family support significantly associated with higher odds: aOR = 1.07 (1.03–1.13). |
| Woldetsadik, Ayele [43] |
Ethiopia, community - based |
743 Cross sectional |
Antenatal common mental disorders | No significant association between social support or husband support and the outcome. |
| Navarrete, Nieto [47] | Mexico |
210 Outpatient |
Antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms |
When social support was introduced into the regression model, the impact of IPV during pregnancy was nullified (odd of depression) or reduced (odd of anxiety)b. |
aOR adjusted odd ratio, aPR adjusted prevalence ratio, The range of aOR/aPR in the parenthesis in the 95% CI of the aOR/aPR
aAccredited Social Health Activists. bThis research is a prospective cohort study but only cross-sectional data obtained during pregnancy is used in this review