Table 4.

Studies on the impact of COVID-19 on IPV during pregnancy

Author and year	Country	Sample size (n) and setting	Setting and timing	What the study wants to determine	Association between outcome and social support
Naghizadeh, Mirghafourvand [39]	Iran	250 Cross sectional	Outpatient 5–8/2020	The prevalence of domestic violence and its relationship with the quality of life of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic	• About 1 in 3 women experienced domestic violence. • Violence victims had significant lower quality of life in the mental health compared to unaffected women: β = 9.3 (3.5 to 15.0), P = 0.002)
Teshome, Gudu [42]	Ethiopia	464 Cross sectional	Outpatient 8–11/2020	The incidence and predictors of IPV during pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic	• 7.1% women experienced IPV during pregnancy • IPV during pregnancy was more reported among women who husbands consume Khat [aOR = 3.27 (1.45–7.38)] or alcohol [aOR = 1.52 (1.01–2.28)]
Abujilban, Mrayan [33]	Jordan	215 Cross sectional (online survey)	Community 4/2020	The change in the incidence of IPV during pregnancy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic	The pre-pandemic level of IPV during pregnancy was higher than that during the pandemic (Before: 65.1%, 30.7%, and 15.3%, for psychological, physical, and sexual violence, respectively. During: 50.2%, 13%, 11.2%, respectively).
Abrahams, Boisits [32]	South Africa	885 Cross sectional (Telephone interview)	Outpatient 6–7/2020	The relationship between common mental disorders, food insecurity and IPV during pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic	Higher odds of common mental disorders were associated with IPV during pregnancy during the pandemic: • Psychological IPV: aOR = 2.50 (1.32–4.72) • Sexual IPV: 2.70 (1.07–6.80)

aOR adjusted odd ratio. The range of aOR in the parenthesis in the 95% CI of the aOR