TABLE 3.
Incidence rate and hazard ratio of pulmonary tuberculosis or pneumonia between the two cohorts stratified by gender, age, comorbidities, and medications after propensity matching.
| BCAS cohort | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||||||
| Event | PY | IR | Event | PY | IR | |||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 363 | 8,528 | 42.6 | 107 | 1987 | 53.9 | 1.26 (1.01–1.56)* | 1.67 (1.33–2.09)*** |
| Male | 380 | 7,381 | 51.5 | 101 | 1,615 | 62.5 | 1.21 (0.97–1.50) | 1.44 (1.15–1.80)** |
| Age | ||||||||
| <35 | 31 | 2,014 | 15.4 | 10 | 544 | 18.4 | 1.19 (0.58–2.43) | 1.45 (0.65–3.26) |
| ≥35 | 712 | 13,895 | 51.2 | 198 | 3,058 | 64.7 | 1.26 (1.07–1.47)** | 1.47 (1.25–1.72)*** |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Non-tuberculous mycobacterium | ||||||||
| No | 742 | 15,851 | 46.8 | 208 | 3,599 | 57.8 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 1 | 58 | 17.2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||||||||
| No | 715 | 15,363 | 46.5 | 200 | 3,489 | 57.3 | 1.22 (1.05–1.43)* | 1.53 (1.30–1.79)*** |
| Yes | 28 | 546 | 51.3 | 8 | 133 | 60.2 | 1.34 (0.61–2.96) | 2.37 (0.88–6.35) |
| Diffuse connective disease and Sjogren’s syndrome | ||||||||
| No | 716 | 15,469 | 46.3 | 203 | 3,535 | 57.4 | 1.23 (1.05–1.44)** | 1.56 (1.33–1.83)*** |
| Yes | 27 | 440 | 61.4 | 5 | 67 | 74.6 | 1.21 (0.46–3.19) | 0.70 (0.22–2.21) |
| COPD | ||||||||
| No | 291 | 8,098 | 35.9 | 81 | 1893 | 42.8 | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 1.54 (1.19–1.98)*** |
| Yes | 452 | 7,811 | 57.9 | 127 | 1709 | 74.3 | 1.28 (1.05–1.56)* | 1.65 (1.35–2.02)*** |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 478 | 11,706 | 40.8 | 135 | 2,733 | 49.4 | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 1.50 (1.23–1.83)*** |
| Yes | 265 | 4,203 | 63.1 | 73 | 869 | 84 | 1.32 (1.02–1.72)* | 1.64 (1.25–2.15)*** |
| Aspergillosis | ||||||||
| No | 742 | 15,890 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,596 | 57.8 | 1.23 (1.05–1.44)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 1 | 19 | 52.6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | — | — |
| Candidiasis | ||||||||
| No | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Endemic mycoses | ||||||||
| No | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Mounier-Kuhn | ||||||||
| No | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Cystic fibrosis | ||||||||
| No | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 258 | 8,484 | 30.4 | 83 | 2089 | 39.7 | 1.31 (1.02–1.67)* | 1.58 (1.22–2.04)*** |
| Yes | 485 | 7,425 | 65.3 | 125 | 1,513 | 82.6 | 1.25 (1.03–1.52)* | 1.53 (1.25–1.87)*** |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
| No | 566 | 12,143 | 46.6 | 170 | 2,857 | 59.5 | 1.27 (1.07–1.50)** | 1.53 (1.29–1.83)*** |
| Yes | 177 | 3,766 | 47 | 38 | 745 | 51 | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.56 (1.08–2.25)* |
| Pulmonary embolism | ||||||||
| No | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 734 | 15,603 | 47 | 204 | 3,540 | 57.6 | 1.22 (1.04–1.42)* | 1.52 (1.30–1.78)*** |
| Yes | 9 | 306 | 29.4 | 4 | 62 | 64.5 | 1.98 (0.61–6.44) | 16.1 (0.95–27.5) |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| No | 618 | 14,627 | 42.3 | 185 | 3,362 | 55 | 1.30 (1.10–1.53)** | 1.55 (1.31–1.84)*** |
| Yes | 125 | 1,282 | 97.5 | 23 | 240 | 95.8 | 0.96 (0.62–1.51) | 1.55 (0.95–2.52) |
| Heart disease | ||||||||
| No | 364 | 9,913 | 36.7 | 112 | 2,457 | 45.6 | 1.24 (1.00–1.53)* | 1.48 (1.19–1.84)*** |
| Yes | 379 | 5,996 | 63.2 | 96 | 1,145 | 83.8 | 1.33 (1.06–1.67)* | 1.64 (1.31–2.06)*** |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| No | 507 | 11,197 | 45.3 | 145 | 2,613 | 55.5 | 1.22 (1.01–1.47)* | 1.55 (1.28–1.87)*** |
| Yes | 236 | 4,712 | 50.1 | 63 | 989 | 63.7 | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 1.61 (1.21–2.14)** |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Tobacco dependence | ||||||||
| No | 741 | 15,849 | 46.8 | 208 | 3,581 | 58.1 | 1.23 (1.06–1.44)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 2 | 60 | 33.3 | 0 | 21 | 0 | — | — |
| Tobacco use disorder complicating pregnancy | ||||||||
| No | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Medication | ||||||||
| LABA | ||||||||
| Non-use | 673 | 13,817 | 48.7 | 172 | 2,945 | 58.4 | 1.19 (1.01–1.41)* | 1.45 (1.22–1.72)*** |
| Use | 70 | 2,092 | 33.5 | 36 | 657 | 54.8 | 1.68 (1.12–2.52)* | 2.54 (1.63–3.96)*** |
| LAMA | ||||||||
| Non-use | 716 | 15,351 | 46.6 | 198 | 3,392 | 58.4 | 1.24 (1.06–1.46)** | 1.57 (1.34–1.84)*** |
| Use | 27 | 558 | 48.4 | 10 | 210 | 47.6 | 0.92 (0.44–1.92) | 0.78 (0.33–1.82) |
| SABA | ||||||||
| Non-use | 441 | 10,799 | 40.8 | 128 | 2,304 | 55.6 | 1.35 (1.11–1.65)** | 1.61 (1.31–1.96)*** |
| Use | 302 | 5,110 | 59.1 | 80 | 1,298 | 61.6 | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | 1.39 (1.07–1.80)* |
| SAMA | ||||||||
| Non-use | 506 | 12,567 | 40.3 | 151 | 2,762 | 54.7 | 1.35 (1.12–1.62)** | 1.65 (1.37–1.98)*** |
| Use | 237 | 3,342 | 70.9 | 57 | 840 | 67.9 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 1.30 (0.96–1.77) |
| ICSs | ||||||||
| Non-use | 621 | 12,584 | 49.3 | 154 | 2,534 | 60.8 | 1.22 (1.02–1.46)* | 1.47 (1.22–1.75)*** |
| Use | 122 | 3,325 | 36.7 | 54 | 1,068 | 50.6 | 1.41 (1.02–1.94)* | 2.00 (1.41–2.82)*** |
| OSs | ||||||||
| Non-use | 85 | 672 | 126.5 | 35 | 75 | 466.7 | 2.81 (1.88–4.21)*** | 3.99 (2.54–6.27)*** |
| Use | 658 | 15,237 | 43.2 | 173 | 3,527 | 49.1 | 1.14 (0.96–1.34) | 1.38 (1.16–1.64)*** |
| Leukotriene antagonist | ||||||||
| Non-use | 724 | 15,167 | 47.7 | 196 | 3,273 | 59.9 | 1.25 (1.06–1.46)** | 1.55 (1.32–1.81)*** |
| Use | 19 | 742 | 25.6 | 12 | 329 | 36.5 | 1.37 (0.66–2.84) | 2.79 (1.07–7.27)* |
| Montelukast | ||||||||
| Non-use | 725 | 15,170 | 47.8 | 197 | 3,296 | 59.8 | 1.24 (1.06–1.46)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Use | 18 | 739 | 24.4 | 11 | 306 | 35.9 | 1.41 (0.66–3.00) | 2.92 (1.11–7.64)* |
| Alprazolam | ||||||||
| Non-use | 481 | 9,566 | 50.3 | 165 | 2,111 | 78.2 | 1.53 (1.28–1.83)*** | 1.86 (1.56–2.23)*** |
| Use | 262 | 6,343 | 41.3 | 43 | 1,491 | 28.8 | 0.68 (0.49–0.94)* | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) |
| Fluoxetine | ||||||||
| Non-use | 743 | 15,909 | 46.7 | 208 | 3,602 | 57.7 | 1.23 (1.05–1.43)** | 1.54 (1.31–1.80)*** |
| Use | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Fludiazepam | ||||||||
| Non-use | 619 | 12,723 | 48.7 | 178 | 2,852 | 62.4 | 1.27 (1.07–1.50)** | 1.59 (1.34–1.89)*** |
| Use | 124 | 3,186 | 38.9 | 30 | 750 | 40 | 1.06 (0.71–1.58) | 1.27 (0.84–1.91) |
BCAS cohort, bronchiectasis–asthma combination cohort; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LABAs/LAMAs, long-acting beta2 agonist/muscarinic antagonist; SABAs/SAMAs, short-acting beta2 agonist/muscarinic antagonist; ICSs, inhaled corticosteroids; OSs, oral steroids; PY, person-years; IR, incidence rate per 1,000 person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HR, adjusted for BCAS cohort, gender, age, comorbidities, and medication use.
—Unable to calculate because there are few or no events in the with and without BCAS cohort.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.