TABLE 1.

Frequency of occurrence of “LHS work” elements (n = 79 publications)

Body of work	Primary element	#	Secondary element	#
Organizational learning, innovation, and continuous quality improvement	Quality improvement processes are standard practice	46	Continuous (or CQ) Improvement processes are used	16
			Rapid (or Rapid‐Cycle) learning processes are used	10
			Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act (PDSA) cycles are used	5
	Learning is done according to particular principles, processes, practices, and/or models	33	Collaborative or team‐based learning	16
			Systems science	8
			The Learning Cycle proposed by Friedman	5
			Collective “sensemaking”	2
			Positive deviance	2
			Triple‐loop learning (“learning how to learn”)	2
			“Emergent learning” or learning in support of “emergent strategy”	0
	Learning is driven/guided by specific goals	13	Equity	6
			Improving the quality of care	4
			Efficiency	3
			Patient safety	2
	Learning takes place throughout the organization	8
Translating knowledge and evidence into improved practices	Research is translated into practice	26	Research conducted within the organization is translated	7
			Research findings from the literature are translated	2
	The organization adopts or implements evidence‐based treatments	18
	There is a reciprocal relationship between research and practice	17
	The organization is systematic in its implementation processes	13	Interventions should be adapted or tailored to the specific context	6
			Allows for learning and refinement in implementation	5
			Systematically de‐implements practices that no longer serve the organization	3
			Follows the principles of implementation science	3
			Implements with fidelity	0
Building new knowledge and evidence	The organization builds knowledge or evidence	54
	The organization conducts “research”	28
	The research conducted by the organization is practical or needs to balance practical with rigorous	26
	Findings from the research are shared or disseminated	14	Internally	7
			Externally	6
	Research conducted by the organization answers questions that are directly relevant to the organization	11	Answers questions posed by clinicians (relevant to clinical practice)	5
			Answers questions by organizational leaders (relevant to larger organizational goals)	1
	Data are translated into information	6
	Internal knowledge and external knowledge are integrated	5
	The research conducted by the organization is rigorous	4
Analyzing clinical data	Patient data are captured and organized into a system, which is then used for analysis (research, QI, or other forms of learning)	37
	Clinical and/or informatics data are used in diagnosing and treating individual patients	34	Clinical decision support systems are in place	22
			Personalized treatment (eg, using genomics data)	12
			Precision medicine	7
	Aggregated clinical data is shared between institutions	14	The clinical data systems of different institutions are networked	3
	Clinical data are analyzed to develop research questions and design studies	3
Engaging clinicians, patients, and other stakeholders	Patients and family members are actively engaged	40	… engaged in the learning process	18
			… engaged in clinical decision making	13
	Stakeholders (beyond researchers) are engaged in the learning process	37	Stakeholders from within the organization (beyond researchers) are engaged in the learning process	20
	Community members or community‐based organizations are engaged	17	… engaged in the learning process	4
			… engaged in improving the organization	0
	Clinicians are actively engaged in research	7
	Payors are engaged in the learning process	1

Note: Elements mentioned in at least 20 publications are highlighted in dark yellow. Elements mentioned in 10‐19 publications are highlighted in light yellow.