TABLE 2.

Frequency of occurrence of “Enabling Condition” elements (n = 79 publications)

Enabling condition	Primary element	#	Secondary element	#
Workforce skilled for LHS work	Employees have the skills and knowledge necessary for LHS work	23	Able to access and analyze clinical data	4
	Organization provides training to employees on LHS competencies	14	Training on quality improvement	7
			Training on research methods	5
			Training on informatics	2
Data systems, informatics technology, and resources are in place	Appropriate informatics technology and resources are in place within the organization	31
	Clinical data systems and repositories meet rigorous standards	30	Privacy	12
			Quality	10
			Reliability	6
			Validity	3
			Completeness	1
	Data systems are designed strategically anticipating the kinds of research that will be conducted	12
	Specific fields are included in the EMR to allow for LHS research	12	Patient‐centered outcomes	8
			How care was delivered to each patient (beyond ICD‐10 treatment codes)	0
			Patient feedback (eg, satisfaction ratings)	0
	Aggregated clinical data are made available so that a wide range of learners within the organization can use it for analysis	8
The organization invests resources in LHS work	Organizational policies incentivize LHS activities	19	Policies incentivize learning	6
			Policies incentivize research	4
			Policies incentivize translation	2
			Policies incentivize patient engagement	0
	The organization invests its own funds to conduct research	9
	The organization employs embedded researchers (researchers with LHS competencies who carry out studies that address the interests of clinicians and administrators)	6
	Organization has a dedicated center or institute that provides focus and leadership for LHS work	5
Supportive organizational culture	Organizational culture emphasizes and supports learning	46	Transparency is valued by the organization	24
			Collaboration (or team‐based learning) is valued	19
			Culture facilitates trust‐building	17
			Integrity is valued by the organization	8
	Learning is championed by organizational leaders	24	Clinicians are encouraged to conduct research	3
			All employees are expected to be active learners	2

Note: Elements mentioned in at least 20 publications are highlighted in dark yellow. Elements mentioned in 10–19 publications are highlighted in light yellow.