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. 2022 Apr 13;20:190. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01397-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Characterization and in vitro DC-activation of neoantigen nanovaccines. a ¹H NMR of DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-NHS (vehicle), DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-peptide and peptide (peptide: M27). b MALDI-TOF–MS of DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-peptide (peptide: M27). c Size, PDI, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading content and zeta-potential of nanovaccines. d Size of nanovaccines. e The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nanovaccines. f Curves of peptide (M27) release from nanovaccines in different solutions. g Proportion of mature DC (CD11c⁺CD80⁺CD86⁺) after incubation with normal saline (NS), peptide (Tyrp1, M20 or M27) or nanovaccines (Tyrp1-NP, M20-NP or M27-NP) for 48 h. P-values were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. **P = 0.0026 (M20 vs M20-NP), **P = 0.0029 (NS vs M27), *P = 0.0429 (M27 vs M27-NP), ***P < 0.001