Table 2.
Summary of the included studies
| Author, publication year | Country | Type of Study | Mean/Median of Age | Sex | Definition of tooth loss | Definition of Diabetes | Sample Size | Adjustment of confounders | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Costa FO, et al., 2013 [37] | Brazil | Case-control | 45 (22–71) | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 238 | 5.1 (1.13–9.30) | ||
| Deborah L. et al., 2013 [38] | USA | Cross-sectional | 74.02 (0.05) | Both | any tooth loss | Self-report | 379,021 | 1.68 (1.55–1.82) | 1.25 (1.13–1.37) | |
| Sensorn, W. et al., 2012 [17] | Thailand | Cross-sectional | 50.5 (20–86) | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 605 | 1.72 (1.03–2.73) | ||
| Kapp, J. M. et al., 2007 | Columbia | Cross-sectional | 18–99 | Both | any tooth loss | Self-report | 155,280 | 1.64 (1.49–1.80) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | |
| Yoo, et al. 2019 [15] | South Korea | Cohort | > 18 | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 10,215 | sex, age, and place of residence, social and economic factors | 1.29 (1.23–1.36) | 1.34 (1.26–1.43) |
| Dar-Odeh, et al. 2019 [39] | Saudi Arabia. | Cross-sectional | 31.2 (10.13) | Women | any tooth loss | Self-report | 1768 | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | ||
| Frias-Bulhosa, et al. 2018 [28] | Portugal | Case-control | 63.8 (12.8) | Both | any tooth loss | Self-report | 666 | 1.65 (0.88–3.14) | ||
| Hastings, et al. 2017 [7] | USA | Cross-sectional | 55.8 (3.5) | Male | any tooth loss | Self-report | 275 | adjusted for same variables as Model 2 plus dental insurance, arthritis, hypertension, and number of medications. | 1.43 (0.87–2.38) | |
| Rai, et al. 2019 [40] | USA | Cross-sectional | 55.5 (16.01) | Both | at least tooth loss > = 5 | Self-report | 1338 | CVD, Tobacco use, Age, Gender, Hispanic | 1.7 (1.20–2.30) | 1.2 (0.80–1.22) |
| Simila, et al. 2018 [41] | Finland | Cross-sectional | > 46 | Women | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 5950 | 3.4 (1.79–6.44) | 2.99 (1.54–5.8) | |
| Joshipura, et al. 2018 [42] | USA | Cohort | 50.4 (6.8) | Both | at least tooth loss > = 5 | Based on blood sugar | 1206 | 1.48 (0.76–2.89) | ||
| Shamala, et al. 2017 [27] | Yemen | Case-control | > 30 | Both | at least tooth loss > = 5 | Self-report | 272 | 4 (2–8.1) | ||
| Oluwagbemigun, et al. 2015 [26] | Germany | Cohort | 51.8 (8.22) | Both | any tooth loss | Self-report | 24,313 | Age, Sex, BMI, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, use of vitamin and/or mineral supplements, antibiotics, hormone | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | |
| Delgado-Pérez, et al. 2017 [29] | Mexico | Cross-sectional | 50.7 (16.2) | Both | any tooth loss | 60 | replacement therapy (women) and non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs | 3.42 (2.32–5.04) | 3.13 (2.09–4.69) | |
| Buysschaert, et al. 2017 [30] | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 62 (15) | Both | at least tooth loss > = 5 | Based on blood sugar | 160 | 1.72 (0.85–3.54) | ||
| Liljestrand, et al. 2015 [43] | Finland | Cohort | 60.8 (8.44) | Both | at least tooth loss > = 5 | Self-report | 7629 | 1.37 (1.02–1.86) | ||
| Kowall, et al. 2015 [44] | Germany | Cross-sectional | 57.3 (10.82) | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 3086 | age, sex, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, total cholesterol, HDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides | 4.02 (3.01–5.36) | 1.05 (0.73–1.49) |
| Greenblatt, et al. 2016 [20] | USA | Cohort | 18–74 | Both | at least tooth loss > = 5 | Based on blood sugar | 15,113 | age, Hispanic background, study site/center, nativity status, income, and education, number of dental visits and current health insurance status, alternative healthy eating index, cigarette smoking, and obesity, chronic periodontitis | 2.69 (2.45–2.97) | 1.18 (0.94–1.49) |
| De Medeiros, et al. 2021 [45] | Brazil | Cross-sectional | > = 30 | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 60,271 | Adults | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | |
| Zhang, et al. 2021 [46] | USA | Cohort | > = 30 | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 5569 | Adults | 2.11 (1.46–3.04) | |
| Del Carmen, et al. 2021 [47] | Mexico | Cross-sectional | 41.6 (15.4) | Both | any tooth loss | Based on blood sugar | 1640 | Community Oral Health Program | 3.62 (2.86–4.57) | |
| Laouali, et al. 2021 [48] | France | Cross-sectional | 70.17 (6.22) | Women | any tooth loss | Self-report | 2857 | French national health insurance | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) |